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COMPARATIVE

ZOOLOGY,

1

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

JFountie^ fin prfbate sufiscrfjitfon, fn 1861.

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^,.(^A-My^ (V^?\.4J^CJUyi,J^ ,

No. ^/ ^/'

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

voi:.u]>^e; iv

1872.

SALEM, MASS.:

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,
1873.

CONTENTS.

Pag .

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1, 1

Puritan Holy Days, by A. C. Goodcll, Jr., 2. Injurious Insects in
Essex County, by Dr. A. S. Packard, 5. F. W. Putnam's Remarks
on the Caterpillars and Pupre of the Cabbage Buttei-fly, 9.
Letters Announced, 19, 23, 27, 46, 49, 56, 61, 75, 83, 103, 132,

151, 160, 1G5, 177, 178

Additions to Library, 9, 11, 19, 24, 27, 46, 49, 56, 61, 76, 83,

103, 131, 152, 158, 161, 166, 177, 179

Additions to Cabinet, 85, 178

Additions to Historical Department, 104

Deficiencies in Library, 12

Publications of Institute, 14

Regular Jleetlng, Monday, January 15 10

A Trip to California by Rail, by J. J. H. Gregory, Esq., of Marble-
head, 10, 17.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5, 17

Florida Indians, by M. R. Kimball, 18.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 20

Passion Play at Ober-Ammergau, by J. P. Putnam, 20.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4, 25

The Old Carved Chair, by E. "W. Farley, of Newcastle. Me., 25. A
Relic of "Ye Olden Times"— Stone Mill— D. L. D. Balch, 2(i. The
Closing Histoiy of the Brancli or Howard St. Church in Salem, by
Rev. C. C. Beaman, 2(J. Communication from Nehemiah Cleveland,
of Westport, Conn., 27. Meteorology of Mount Washington, by S.
A. Nelson, 20, 41.

Regular Meeting, Monday March 18, 41

Essex County Spiders, by J. H. Emerton, 47.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 48

Communication from James Kimball, 50. Communication from Com-
modore B. F. Sands, of the U. S. Naval Observatory, 55.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 57

On the Transit of Venus, 57. Ancient Topography of Salem, by
James Kimball, 5D.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 6, . , ... . . 61
Ancestry of Susannah lugersoll; The Fairfax and the Hathorne
House, by the President, 62. The Rattle of the Rattlesnake, by F.
.W. Putnam, 65.

(iii)

IV CONTENTS.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8, 66

Retrospect for the Year, 66. Officers elected, 74.
Kegular Meeting, Monday, May 20, . . . . . . 75

Native Plants, by J. Robinson, 76. Remarks of G. D. Phippen, 78; of

E. C. Bolles on the Houstonia, 78; of J. H. Emerton, 78. A Visit to

Jeffries Neck, by F. W. Putnam, 79.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 81

Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12, . . . 81
Account of the Ramble, 82; First Field Meetings; Dr. W. Stimpson,
by the President, 85. Resolutions on the Death of Dr. Wm. Stimp-
son, 88. Early Meetings of the Society, by S. P. Fowler, of Danvers,

89. Historical Notices of Middleton, by David Styles, of Middleton,

90. Indian Relic, by D. J. Tapley of Danvers. 92. F. W. Putnam's
Remarks, 93. Spidei-s at Middleton, by .James H. Emerton, 94.
Microscopic Fungi, by Rev. E. C. Bolles, 95. Report of the Com-
mittee on Lectures, 96. Vote of thanks passed, 97.

Field Meeting at Groveland, Tuesday, July IG, . . . . 97
The New Iron Bridge, 98. Historical Notices, 100. E. S. Morse's Re-
marks, 107. Merrimack Academy, by Dr. J. Spofford, 108. Remarks
by J. H. Emerton, A. S. Phipps, S. C. Beane, E. C. Bolles, La Roy
r. Griffin, Mr. Goldsmith and C. H. Webber, 114-116. Vote of
thanks passed. 116. The First White Hamburg, and the First Mus-
cat of Alexandria Grape-vine imported into the United States, by
Jones Very, 117.

Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday, August 8, . . .118
Remarks of the President, 121. Indian Shell Heaps, and Egg Case of
the Skate, by F. W. Putnam, 123. Historical Notices of the Third
Parish at Annisquam, by Rev. E. W. Coffin, of Orange, Mass., 124.
Remarks of Allen W. Dodge, L. J. Livermore and James Davis, 128.
Historical Sketch of Annisquam, by J. J. Babson, 128. Remarks of
C. E. Barnes and Dr. A. Davis, 130. Communications from Thomas
Spencer, of Bransby, near Lincoln and E. W. Farley, of New
Castle, Me., 132. Remarks of R. Knowland. 134. Catalogue of the
Mammals of Florida, with Notes on their Habits, Distribution, etc.,
by C. J. Mayuard, 135-150.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 14, .... 150

Eegular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 150

Explorations of St. George's Bank, by Dr. Packard, 153. Ancient In-
dian Carving, by F. W. Putnam, 156.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 4, 160

Origin of Surnames, by Geo. H. Devereux, 162.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 18, .... 165

Communication by the President, 166. Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 168.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 9, 169

Ferneries, ILpw to make tlicm, and what to put in tliem, by J. Robin-
eon, 169.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 23, 178

Communications from P. A. Hauaford and Nchcmiuh Cleavclaud, 179.

B U L I. E T I N

ESSEX insrSTITTJTE].

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., January, 1872. No. 1.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1st, 1872.

The President ill the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The President mentioned a few of the associations that
chister around this day ; a day when the mind naturally
reverts to the past, recalls the incidents of the year now
closed, and indulges in reveries upon their probable influ-
ence in the distant future. Xo one can foretell the re-
sults ; some of the most seemingly important will soon
pass away and be forgotten, whereas the most ai)par-
rently trivial, scarcely known beyond the threshold of the
humble cot of the occurrence, will, as years roll on, be-
come the centre of great interest and attraction, as the
birthplace and home of some of nature's noblemen. He
brieliy alluded to the holidays that occur near the close of
the old and the beginning of the new year, and called
upon Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., who spoke of the esti-
mation in which these days were held in the early period
Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 1

of our colonial history, and the great change in the mode
of observance within the past few years.

PURITAN HOLY DAYS.

Our forefathers, the Puritans, observed but three
classes of holy days ; namely. Sabbaths, Fasts and Thanks-
givings. In the observance of the lirst they diflered
from the Catholic church and from most of the Reformed
churches by devoting them exclusively to religious exer-
cises after the Mosaic model. It was on account of this
difference between them and their neighboring Protestants
in Holland, that the Pilgrims left that country for Amer-
ica. Here they enforced, by law, the strictest observance
of the Lord's day, and established periodical fasts and
days of thanksgiving.

The first thanksgiving in Massachusetts was observed
at Salem, July 8, 1630. Winthrop and his immigrants
had arrived about a month before, bringing provisions
of which the settlers under Endicott stood greatly in
need. Two days before the thanksgiving, Gov. Win-
throp's son Henry was drowned in attempting to swim
across the North river, after a canoe ; so that the occa-
sion was mixed with sadness.

The next thanksgiving was observed at Boston, Febru-
ary 22, 1631. This was on account of the arrival of the
ship Lyon, with provisions, which came the day before a
fast which had been appointed on account of a threatened
fjmiine. The fast was immediately changed to a thanks-
giving.

The next and first general thanksgiving was kept by
the seven plantations then established, Oct. 16, 1633,
and was ordered "in regard of the many and extraordi-
nary mercies which the Lord hath been pleased to vouch-
safe of late to this plantation ; namely, a plentiful har-

vest, ships safely arrived with persons of special use and
quality," etc.

After the arrival of the Province charter, only one in-
stance occurs of a day of thanksgiving set apart by act of
the General Court. This was passed Nov. 13, 1693, and
the day appointed was Dec. 21, O. S., corresponding to
Jan. 2, of our present calendar. Since that time all
thanksgiving days have been fixed by executive procla-
mation, and not by act of the legislature.

CHRISTMAS.

The next subject discussed was Christmas ; which was
at first a movable feast, celebrated, usually, in April or
May. It was probably instituted in the second century,
but was not fixed by the Catholic Church, upon Dec. 25,
until the pontificate of Julius I., in the fourth century.

The tradition of the church is that the birth of Jesus
occurred at midnight, whence the custom in England and
some other countries of ringing the church bells at mid-
night, early diwu, and again in the morning.

The different methods of celebrating the day in differ-
ent countries and ages were then explained. The revels
of the Lord of Misrule commenced at All Hallow Eve
(Oct. 31), and continued to Candlemas (Feb. 2). Every
day after Christmas was a holiday until twelfth night
(Jan. 6). The season was always considered propitious
in England, a tradition made memorable by the words of
Marcellus to Horatio in the first scene in Hamlet : —

" Some say that ever 'gainst that season comes
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated.
The bird of dawning singeth all night long;
And then, they say, no spirit stirs abroad;
The nights are wholesome; then no planets strike,
No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to chami.
So hallowed and so gracious is the time."

The Puritans were greatly opposed to the observance

of the day, and in 1659 the following law was passed by
the Colonial legislature of Massachusetts : —

"For preventing disorders arising in several places
within this jurisdiction by reason of some still observing
such festivals as were superstitiously kept in other coun-
tries, to the great dishonor of God and olfence of others,
it is therefore ordered by this Court and the authority
thereof that whosoever shall be found observing any such
day as Christmas or the like, either by forbearing of
labour, feasting or any other way, upon any such accounts
as aforesaid, every such person so offending shall pay for
ever}^ such offence five shillings, as a fine to the county."

This ordinance was objected to by the Royal Connnis-
sioners in 1665 ; but was not repealed until May 27, 1681.

In three years less than two centuries after the passage
of this ordinance, the Legislature [1856, chap, llo],
made this day a legal holiday on which even the sover-
(sigu legislature is not permitted to sit, and all govern- '
ment offices are closed.

NEW YEAR'S DAY.

New Year's day was then considered. The beginning
of the year was very various in different ages and coun-
tries. Until the middle of the eighteenth century there
were no less than seven days reckoned as this period ;
viz., — Jan. 1 (as now) ; Jan. 1 (one year in advance) ;
Dec. 25; Easter; March 1; March 25 (nine months
sooner than the present time) and March 25 (three
months later than the i)resent time). This last, called
the Florentine style or calendar, was the one in use in
En"land and this colony until 1752, when it was changed
to Jan. l,vand the Gregorian calendar adopted instead of
the Julian which had been previously in use. The neces-
sity of this change was then explained.

The Romans from whom ^ye get the names of our
months began the A'ear with March, hence September, as
its name implies, was really the seventh month, October
the eighth, and so on.

An account was then given of the different ways in
which New Year's day (Jan. 1) has been celebrated from
the time of the Romans, when it was kept in honor of
Janus, until the present time.

What the Romans had observed as a feast in honor of
the double-faced deity, celebrating it by kindly salu-
tations and the exchange of presents — each taking care
during the continuance of the celebration, that all his
words and acts should be pure and blameless — was turned
by the church into a fast; and New Year's gifts were
repeatedly forbidden under severe penalties. In England,
however, the heathen practice of exchanging presents was
never overcome by the Church ; so strong a hold does it
seem to have had in the popular sentiment. Indeed the
custom seems to have been older, in Britain, than the time
of the Roman invasion. About the only public celebra-
tion of New Year's in England at this day is the ringing
in of the new year and ringing out of the old.

The present year is memorable as the first year in
which the heads of departments at Washington, and many
other prominent men following their exnmple, have
resolved to furnish no intoxicating drinks to those who,
in observance of the time honored custom of New York,
celebrate the day b}- making calls upon the ladies of their
households.

INJURIOUS rS'SECTS IS ESSEX COUXTT.

Dr. A. S. Packard spoke of several species of insects
injurious to vegetation noticed during the past season in
this vicinity — specifying among others

THE ONION THRIPS.

About the middle of August my attention was called
by Mr. B. P. Ware of Swampscott to serious losses of bis
onions from the attacks of a minute insect. The leaves
were observed to turn suddenly yellow and to wilt, and
the plant die. In this way large patches became infested
and turned yellow, until in two or three days these pro-
lific insects spread over the whole field. They seemed to
increase most rapidly during the unusually dry hot
weather that we experienced about the middle of last
August. On the 11th of August a whole acre was thus
cut off. Mr. Ware informed me that onion plants have
been more or less infested in this way for some fifteen
years, but the damage done this year was greater y^„ j
than ever before. This evil seems wide spread
in Essex County, as not in Swampscott alone, but
in Lynn, Salem and parts of Danvers, the onion
crop had been similarly infested. About $100,- /y'
000 worth of onions are raised in Essex County
alone, and Mr. Ware judged that at least a tenth
part was destroyed by this new pest, so that in f^fv^x
one county alone and from one kind of injurious ,. „ .
insect we have in one season lost $10,000. The """'^'e'"-*-
onion crop is next to the hay crop in value, as it' is sold
for cash.

On examining the specimens brought into the Museum
of the Peabod}' Academy of Science, the leaves were
found to be covered with hundreds of a minute thrips
which by gnawing the surface of the leaves had caused
them to turn white in spots, and subsequently yellow;
where th^y were most numerous the outer skin of the
fieshy leaves was entirely eaten oil', and though it was
difiicult to imairine that so minute an insect could have

caused the death of so stout and thick-leaved a plant, yet
here were hundreds of the culprits in all stages of growth
pl3Mng their jaws before our eyes in proof.

This insect, which occurred in both sexes and in all
stages of growth from larvje of minute size proved to be
the wheat thrips (^LimotJirips tritici) of Fitch who gives
an account of its appearance and habits in his "Second
Report on the Noxious Insects of New York," p. 304.

Through the kindness of C. L. Fig. 2.

Flint, Esq., of the Mass. State
Board of Agriculture, we are en-
abled to present figures of these
insects taken from Dr. Packard's
Report to the Board as State En- ^
tomologist. The females alone
are winsred, the males being;'
wingless and closely resembling
the larvpe. The body of the
female (Fig. 1) is smooth and
shining, uniformly greenish yel-
low with no other markings ; the
legs are a little paler towards ar-
ticulations. The larva
(Fig. 2, b) is entirely
greenish-yellow, the

head and prothorax of End of antennae of male.

the same color as the rest of the body. The male (Fig.
2, a) dift'ers from the larva in having 2-jointed feet (tarsi),
and 7-jointed anteun?e, those of the larva being 4-jointed.
The small line at the side of each figure indicates the
natural size of the insect.

Larva and male of Limothrips (ritici.

THE OXION FLY.

which in its larval condition attacks the roots of the

8

onion, was briefly alluded to. It appears about the mid-
dle of May and continues its ravages until nearly the
third week in August, when it changes into the pupa or

chrysalis state.

Fie

IMPORTED CABBAGE CATERPILLAR
AND ITS PARASITE.

was next mentioned. This cat-
erpillar during the past summer
has been fearfully abundant in
gardens in this vicinity, and
would have done still greater
injury to the growing crops
were it not for the presence of
the parasite which had been
found to prey upon it very ex-
tensively.

The figures annexed illustrate
the several stages (Fig. 3, «,
male ; b, female ; c, larva ; d,
[)iipa) of this invaluable ichneu-
mon parasite which is one of
the Chalcid family, and is the
Pteropi:^ pupio'um of Linnteus.
Dr. Packard had supposed that this parasite had i)er-
haps been imported with its host, but it is now found to
be a native of this country as well as of Europe, and
cited authorities confirmatory of this as- i^'r- *■

sertion.

LARVA OF TACmXA.

Another parasite which he mentioned
was the l^u'va of a i)arasitic fly, Tachina l:uvh..i yw, /„;,«.
(Fig. 4, enlarged three times), the adult form of whioh
closely resembles the common housefly. It is a flattened,

Parasite of the Imported Cabbage
Butterfly.

9

cyliiidriciil maggot, both cikIs of the body rounded much
alike.

Mr. Putnam remarked that he had collected several
hundred of the catci'pillars and pupte of the cabbage but-
terfly during the month of September, the caterpillars hav-
ing crawled up the side of his house from an adjoining
field where a large number of cabbages had been entirely
destroyed by them. He had noticed that a very large
number of the pupaj were infested by parasites, many of
which came out during the month of September and in
October. The butterfly will be out early in the spring.

Discussion followed on these and kindred subjects, par-
ticipated in l)y Messrs. Packard, Putnam, Bolles, Good-
ell and the chair.

AVilliam Gardner Barton of Salem and Beaman Gates
of Beverly were elected members.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Greex S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 24.

HiXGHAM Agricultuual AND HoKTicuLTLRAL SOCIETY. Transactions for
1871. 8vo panii)h. 1872.

HOLDEN'. X. J. Wells' English Grammar. 1 vol. 12mo. The Commonwealth,
245nos. The Liberator, 171 nos. National Anti-slavery Standard, i.io nos. Lynn
News, 2.5 nos. Saturday Night Press, 10 nos. iMiscellaueoHS par.iphlets, .'jO. Mis-
cellaneous serials. 10.

Holmes, John C, of Detroit, Mich. Michigan School Report for 1870. 1 vol.
8vo. Lansing, 1870.

Lee, Geo. C. New York City Directories, 18.58, 1805, 1866, 18G7, 18G9, 1870. G vols.
8vo. Boston Directories. 18;58. 18(10, 18(;i, 18G2, 18G3, 18G6, 18G7. 18G8, 18(>i), 1870. 10
vols. Svo. Bankers' Magazine, Vols. II. IIL 1847-8. 1848-9. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston,
Board of Trade, 18':5. 18f)8. 2 vols. 8vo. Water Power of Maine. 1 vol. 8%'0. Re.
port of the Commissioners of Patents for 18.51. 1 vol. 8vo. Commei'cial Relations
of U. S.. Vols. I, II. 2 vols. 4t<>. Washington, 18.5r>-18o7.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec. 1871.

Vinton, John A. Giles' Memorial. 1vol. Svo. Boston. 18G4.

Wilder, ;MARsnALL P., of Boston. Historical Address before the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College. July 19, 1871. 8vo pamph.

Williams, Hexrv L. The National Eagle. 1870. 8 nos. Miscellaneous pam-
phlets, 6.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 2

10

Bii Exchange.

ACADfiMIE iMPfeRIALE DES SCIENCES BELLES LETTRES ET AKTS IX BOR-
DEAUX. Actes. 3e Seris. 31e Annee. 18G9. 8vo. Paris. 18G9.

KOXIGLICII BAYERISCIIEN' Akademie der Wis.sensciiafter ZU MtoCIIEN.
Sitzuugi^bericlUe der philosopliisch-pliilologisclien und liistorischeu Classe. 1871.
Heft I, II, III. 8vo pamphlets. Muachen, 1871. 8»tziing8bericlite der niathe-
matisch-plij-sikalischen Clause, 1871. Heft I. II, III. 8vo pamph. Miinchcn, 1871.
Die Aiifgabe des chemischen Uuterriehts gegeniiber der Anforderungen der Wis-
senschaft und Teclinik. Rede gehalten in der Offentlichen Sitzung der k. Akad-
emie der Wissenschaften am 25, Juli, 1871, von Dr. Emil Erlenmeyer. 4to pamph.
Miinchen. 1871.

Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections, V^ol. x. Fourth Series. 1
vol. 8vo. Boston, 1871.

Sociedad i>e Naturalistas Nes-Graxadixos. Esploracion entre San Jos6
De liieuta I el Rio Magdalena, 8vo pamph. Bogota, 1871. luforme de los Esi)lora-
dores del Territorio De San Martin. 8vo pamph. Bogota, 1871. Catalogo del
Estado S. De Antisquia, 8vo. pamph. Bogota. 1871.

Socii5:Tfi Imi'^riale des Sciexces Naturelles de Cherbourg. Mcmoires,
Tome XV, 1870. 8v() i)amph. Clierbourg, 1870. Catalogue de la Bibliotlifeque, 8vo
pamph. Clierbourg, 1871.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill (iazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Silliman's Jour-
nal.

Eegular Meeting, Mond.\y, January 15th, 1872.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

A TRIP TO CALIFORNIA BY R.VIL.

J.J. II. Gregory, Esq., of Marblehead gave a familiar
talk n})on California, and the things to be seen al(jng the
route of the Pacific raih'oad, beginning at Oinaha. His
descriptions were plain, grMi)hic and interesting. Speak-
ing (;f agriculture in Utah, he said the process of irriga-
tion as carried on tiiere was far less costly than he had
supposed, as it consisted of the making of mere furrows
with the plough. He spoke of the elements of dissolu-

11

tion in the Mormon system of polygamy, the principal
one of which was the great influx of gentiles, though
dissension in the church itself was doing much to under-
mine the system. Rents in Salt Lake City he described
as "terrific," and the term was not too strong, judging
from a single instance which he named, where the keeper
of a rum sho[) paid seven thousand, two hundred dollars
in rent and liquor tax for his room of thirty feet by eleven
— about half the amount being for rent.

The Rocky Mountain slopes, the general scenery, the
many miles of grain fields, and the agriculture of Cali-
fornia, were described. •

Oleanders were seen eighteen feet in height, Century
plants thirty and forty feet. In Sacramento these bloom
when fifteen years old. He also described the fruits,
strawberries being sold at twenty-five cents for three
quarts. Of the California wines he had a poor opinion
so far as his observation extended, and judging by his
own standard of taste.

Mr. Gregory will continue his remarks at the next
meeting.

The Librarian mentioned the following additions: —

By Donation.

BOLLES. E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 19.

Cole. Mrs. X. D. Salem Gazette for 1871.

FooTE, CALE15. Files of several county papers for Oct., Nov.. Dec.. 1871.

Nation AL Association' of Wool Maxufactukeks. Bulletin for Oct., 1871 .

Palfkev, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 33.

Poore, Benj. p., of Washington, D. C. Washington and Georgetown Directo-
ries for 1865, 6, 7, 8. 4 vols. 8vo.

U. S. A. Chief of Engineers. Report on Geological Exploration of the 40th
Parallel, Vol. V, Botany. 1vol. 4to. Washington, 1871.

By Exchange.

ACADKMV of N.\TURAL SCIENCES OF PiiiLADELi-iiiA. Proceedings of. Part II.
April-Sept., 1871. 8vo pamph.

12

Boston Numismatic Society. American Journal of Numismatics for Jan.
1S72. 8vo pampli.

Historical Society of Delaware. Catalogue of, with its History, Constitu-
tion and By-laws. 8vo. pamph.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Antiquarian
Journal of Jan., 187'2. 8vo pamph.

PuiiLisiiERS. American Literary Gazette. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill
Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quarritch's
Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and
Leather Journal.

DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY.

It is intended from time to time to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library
hoping that the friends of the Institute, who \uay notice the same, will be induced
to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within
brackets) under any title, will be acceptable.

deficiencies in directories.
[Continued from volume Hi, page 96.]

Washington, D. C, by E. A. Cohen [1834]; by A. Reintrel [1843]; by Gaither
& Addison [1840] ; by E. Waite [ia'50] ; by A. Hunter [18r)3] ; by I. Teu Eyck [18.5.-)] ;
by^Y. H. Boyd [iai8, ISliO] ; by T. Hutchinson & Bro. [1803]; by A. Boyd [18(U,
18G5, 1860] ; by W. H. Boyd [1867, 1808, 1809, 1870].

Southern Cities, by John P. Campbell [1854] ; by W. R. Dunklcy [1800-07].

VIRGI^^A Directory and Business Register, by Elliott & Nye [1852].

RICIIM(JND, Va., by John Maddox [ISIO] ; by E. Fuslew [1860] ; by Mills & Starke
[1800].

Wheeling, West Va., by Williams & Co. [1807-8. 1868-9].

CHAULE.STON, S. C, by J. H. Bagget [lS)-2].

Augusta, Ga., by E. II. Paghe [1807].

Savannah, Ga., by Purse & Son [1800].

Mobile, Ala., by Fawn & Dennett [1801, 1806].

Jackson, Miss., by J. L. Power [1800].

New Orlean,s, La., by Cohen [1849]; by R. C. Kerr [1S.")(;]; by ('. (iardiicr
[1859].

Tennessee State Gazetteer and Directory, by J. L. Miti'hcll [ISOt)].

Memthis, Tenn., by Tanner, Ilalpiii A Co. [1859] ; by Williams [ISIK)].

13

Nashville, Texx., by J. P. Campbell [ia')3, IRi.'j-C, ia">7, 1S50] ; by K. D. King,
[1805. 18liG, 18U7, ISUS, 18(1!)].

LorisviLLE, Ky., by G. Collins [18:iii].

Lake Shoue Gazetteer and BiisinesR Directory [18i)l-f;2].

C. C. C. & I. R. R. Gazetteer by Ilynes Bro. [1870-1]. ,

Akuox, Alliance, Cuyahoga Falls, Middlehlky, Kent, Canton, Ravenna,
Massillon, Salem, Woosteu, Ohio, by Wiggins & Weaver [1870-1].

Chillicothe Ohio, by J. B. Doyle [18.5.5-!;] ; by Williams & Co. [lSG!)-70].

CoLiMiii s, Ohio, by J. R. Arm.<trong [1843-4,18,5.5]; by Williams & Co. [1807-8,
1830-70].

Cincinnati, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1818-;), 18.50, ia5-2] ; by Robinson & Jones
[184«] ; by D. F. Shaffer [1849] ; by C. S. William.s [lSW-50, 1850-1, 18.51-'2, 1853, 1855,
1856, 1861, 18.59, 1867, 18.58. 1866].

Dayton, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860-1].

Sandusky, Ohio, by W. D. Root [1855].

SPniNGFiELD, Ohio, by Williams & Co. [18u8-9].

STEUBEN\nLLE, Wellsville, East LIVERPOOL, and WELLsm:i;GH. Ohio, by
Wiggins & Weaver [1870-1].

STEUiiENViLLE, Oiiio, by C. S. Williams [ia50].

Toledo, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860] ; by Scott [1860. 1807].

Xenia, Oiuo, by Williams & Co. [1870-1].

ZANES\^LLE, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860-1],

Western Reserve Register, by Sawyer, lugersoll & Co. [18.52].

Detroit, Mich., by Dimcklee, Wales & Co. [ia50] ; by C. F. Clark [186.5-6].

Indiana, State. State Gazetteer and Business Directory by G. W. Hawcs & Co.
[18J-2-3]. State Gazetteer and Shipper's Guide, by M. V. B. Cowen [1806-7].

Indianapolis, Ind., by R. Edwards [18^5 6, 1807] ; by Logan [1807-8]; by H. N.
McEvoy [1858-!)] ; by Hawes & Co. [1805] by R. Edwards [1806] ; by Logan [1808] ;
by R. Edwards [186i)]; by Hutchinson [1870].

Illinois State Business Directory, by Smith & Du Moulin [1800] ; Northeni
Counties, by E. 11. Hall [1855-0] ; State Gazetteer and Business Directory, by G. W.
Hawes [ia58-iJ].

Illinois and Missouri State Directory by W. L. ;Moiit:!gue [1854-5]. Central
Directory by James P. Crawford [180!)].

CincAGO, Illinois, by O. P. Hatlieway & J. II. Taylor [1840-50] ; by E. H. Hall
[1855-0] ; by John Gager [ia57] ; by Tanner, Halpin & Co. [ia58] ; by R. V. Kennedy
[1859-60] ; by T. M. Halpin & Co. [1860-1] ; by Smith & Du Moulin [ISGO] ; by T. M .
Halpin [1861-2, 1862-3, 1803-1, 1804-5. 1805-6] by J. T. Hair [1805-0] ; by R. Edwards
[1867J ; by Smith & Du Moulin [185!i] ; by W. S. Spencer [18W-5] ; by W. F. Bartlett
[1857-8]; by R.Edwards [180!)].

Galesburg, Illinois, by O. E. Root [180i].

Will County. Illinois, by J. C. W. Bailey [18.59].

14

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1872.

Journal of the Essex County Natural History Society. 1 vol.

8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135. In paper, $0 50

Bound, 1 00

Proceedings and Communications. 8vo. 6 vols. 1848-18(58. [The Pro-
ceedings close with the sixth volume.] The series, in numbers, . . 19 00

Bound in cloth, 25 00

Vol.1. 1818-18.5(J. pp.275, 2 00

" II. 185!;-1858. pp. 438, 1 plate, 2 00

" III. ia58-18G3. pp. 301, 2 00

" IV. 1804-1865. pp. 448, 15 plates 6 00

" V. 1866-1867. pp. 569, 4 " and N'aturaUsts^ Directory, . . 0 00

" VI. 18G8-1871. pp. 259, 2 plates and 31 cuts, 3 00

[These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and ligures of
new species, especially of Coi-als, Insects and Polyzoa ; and many valuable
papers on Natural History. The flrst three volumes also cont:un many im-
portant Historicpl papers. In addition to the papers on special subjects, the
volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records
of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal com-
munications made at the meetings, etc. The Nattiralists' Directory is also
issued under the same cover with vols. IV. and V. Vol. VI. closes the scries.]

Bulletin. 8vo. Issued in monthly parts of about 16 pages each.

Subscription per annum, 1 00

Single ninnbcrs, 10

Vol. I. 1869. pp. 164, 1 00

" II. 1870. pp. 178, 1 00

" III. 1871. pp. 178, 1 00

" IV. 1872. Subscription, 1 00

[The Jiulletin takes the place of the Proceediiujs of the Institute which
close at the date of the commencement of the Jiulletin. This publication
will contain all the short communications of general interest, both of an
Historical and Scientific character, made at the meetings of the Institute,
and the record of the meetings and business of the Institute. Occasional
lists of the deflcienclcs in the library of the Institute, and of the duplicate
books offered for sale or exchange will be given.]

15

Xatl'ualists' Directory. Issued witli Proceedings, Vol. V, 1867.

[This work contains the addresses and departments of study of the Nat
uralists, Collectors and Taxidenni.'^ts, in North America at the date of jiub
lication.]

Separate from Proceedings, paper covers,

" " " bound and interleaved.

IiSTORiCAL Collections. First series, Vols. 1-8, small 4to,

" •' Second series in 8vo, commencin

The 10 vols, in paiier covers
•' 10
Vol. I.
" II.

" '• clotli binding,

1859. )ip. 20G. Steel plate, . . . .

1860. pp.310,

ni. 1861. pp.298,

rV. 1862. pp.289,

V. 18&3. pp. 289, Steel plate, . . . .

VI. 1864. pp.274,

VII. 1865. pp. 287,

VIII. 1866. pp. 267,

IX. 1868-9. (Vol 1 of 2d series. 8vo.) pp.. 374,

X. 1869-70. pp. .319. Steel plate, .

XI. 1871. Subscription,

with Vol. 9

$1 00
2 00

20 00
30 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00

The Historical Collections contain papers wholly of an Historical and
Genealogical nature, and are most valuable to the student of early Ameri-
can History. Many important manuscripts and public and private e.arly
records are printed in these volumes for the first time, as well as papers
specially prepared on topics i-elating to the early Iiistory of Massachusetts.
Several Genealogies of leading families connected with the early settlement
of the country are also contained in tlie volumes.]

The Weal-Reaf. Published for Institute fair in 1860. Small 4to. pp. 56,
To-Dav. Published for the Institute and Oratorio ftiir, 1870. pp. 38, .

30
50

Besides the above piiblications, thefoUowing works are offered/or sale .•
Allen, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of America. Royal

folio, six colored plates, 1854, 10 00

Allen, J. A. Foray of a colony of Formica Sanguinea upon a colony of

Black Ants. 1868,* 10

Balch, D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* . 10

Balcii, D. M. Analysis of Grapes. 1805,* 10

Briggs, G. W. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1804,* .... 30
Coues, Elliott. List of tlie Birds of Xew England, witli critical notes.

Pamphlet, 8vo, 1868,* 75

16

Derby, Perley. llutcliinson Family. 1 vol., 8vo. 1870.* . , . . $2 00

Endicott, C. M. Account of Leslie's Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1S.5G, . . 25
Endicott, C. M. Account of the Piracy of the ship Friendship of .Salem

in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo, 18.58,* 15

Essex In'stitute. Hi?torical notice of, with the Constitution, By-laws,

and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamplilet, 8vo, 1806, ... 25
Fowler, S. F. Account of the Life, Cliaracter, etc., of Rev. Samuel Parris,

and of his connection with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet,

8vo, 1857,* 15

Gill, T. Prodome of a Monograph of the Pinuipedes (seals). ISOG,* . . 25
Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. 103 pages, 0 Plates and

25 Cuts, 8vo, 1868,* 2 50

Kimball's Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo,* .... 15

Lord, O. P. Memoir of A. Huntington. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1871,* ... 35
MclLW'RAiTii, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West. Panipidet,

8vo, 1856,* 15

Plummeu Hall, Dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857, 30

Preble, Ueorge Henry. The First Cruise of tlie United States Frigate

Essex. Pampldet, 8vo,* 1 00

Putnam's and Packard's Notes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild Bees of New

England, their Parasites, etc., with a plate. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1865,* . . 75

Salem. Town Records of. 1634 to 165:). 8vo, 18i:8,* 2 .50

SilUiiTLEFF, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1802,* 10

STREETEii, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and other Periodicals pub-
lished in S;dem. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1850,* 15

Upham, C.W. Memoir of Francis Pcabody. Pamphlet. Svo, 1809,* . . 50

UriiAM, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, Svo, 1809,* ... 30
Upham, W. P. Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Marblehead. Pamphlet,

Svo, 1803,* 50

Weixlano, D. F. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pamphlet, Svo. with

a plate, 1857,* ■ 15

Wheatland, H. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet. Svo, 1867,* . . 25

White, D. A. Covenant of tlie First Churcli. Pamphlet, Svo, 1850,* . . 10

White, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 vol. Svo, 1861, . . 1 00

WiLDEU, B. G. Researches and K.\periments on Spider's silk. 18li6. Cuts,* C>0
Wood, Horatio C. Phalangea; of United states. 1808. Cuts of most of

the species,* 1 50

* Those marked with a star are e.xtra copies from tlie Proceedings and Historical

Collections.

BULLETIN

ESSEX IIsrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., Februaky, 1872. No. 2.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, February 5th, 1872.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

CONTl^UATrON OF MR. GREGORY'S REMARKS OX CALIFORNIA.

J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead continued his remarks
on his journey to California. He commenced with his
visit among the Mormons at Salt Lake City, and described
them as a temperate, industrious, thriving and religious
community. Their leader appeared to be a man of rare
sense and judgment. He briefly commented on the
nature of the country lying between the Mormon com-
munity and San Francisco, and gave a very interesting
account of his visit to the latter city and of what he saw
therein. The Sabbath, by a large portion of the business
people, was observed as other days. No paper money is
used. Gold and silver only are circulated, and nothing
less than ten cents is known.

He referred to the Chinese as a neat and orderly class
of people, and more susceptible to moral and religious

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 3

18

influences than many supposed. They are first met at
Cgden, and at San Francisco occupy exclusively one or
more streets. They have their own amusements, includ-
ing theatre, etc. ; a visit in their midst, gives one, for a
time, the impression that he is in China.

He noticed the mjning towns many of which are nearly
forsaken ; the mining regions, and showed how by the
process of mining, the soil was forever rendered useless
for tillage ; and the parks of big trees, of the latter many
fiofures were ofiven to show their size. Some of these
trees are covered with bark thirty-two inches in thickness,
wliile others, of enormous proi)ortions otherwise, run up
one hundred and twenty-four feet without losing more than
a single foot in diameter. In his estimation most of the
trees were not less than ten, eleven, or twelve hundred
years old.

The beautiful and romantic scenery of the Yo-semite
valley, which was also visited, he desci'ibed in a very
graphic and interesting manner.

FLORIDA INDIANS.

The followins: extract of a letter from Marv R.Kimball,
of Salem, a teacher among the freedmen, dated Apalach-
icola, Fla., Dec. 25th, 1871, was read: —

Ai'ALACiiicoLA, December 25, 1871.

I have been trying to get some information as to the Indian Monnds
in this vicinity. One of the oldest of the "freed people" came in to
see me, and said, "I am the oldest man in this place."

"Well" saitl I, "you are just the man I want to talk witii. What
do you know about those Indian mounds? Did they live there, or did
they bury in those heaps?" "No "he said, "I have talked with some
of the chiefs, and they told me that they were thrown up for defence;
you will llnd them about every mile for a long distance. If you could
And their graves, you would find buried with them a bowl of some-
thing to eat, with a spoon at their head, and a rifle at their side, as
they were going to better hunting-grounds than we had here." " Why"

19

I asked, "are there so many conch shells arouiul these phices?"
"They ate them as we do oysters; why, out in the woods there was
a pile twenty feet high, but they have hauled many of them away to
build up the roads. The different tribes and the Spanish would flght,
and if you will go down to where the Flint and Chattahooche rivers
fork and enter the woods, you will discover these mounds thrown up
and will lind skulls perforated by bullets; I have found them myself."

One of the colored men found an earthen jar last fall. He thought
there was money in it, but tinding none he left it in disgust. lie said
it would hold about two gallons.

I am going to get some one to direct me to these places when I can
leave, and I will do all that I can to examine them.

The Secretary iinnouncecl the following correspon-
dence : —

From the BiiflEalo Historical Society, Jan. 22 ; a circular of the Chicago Academy
of Sciences, an account of the loss of its building, collections, librarj', etc., in the
great fire of O.-t. 9. 1S71 ; Maine Historical Society. Jan. ; New England Historic-
Genealogical .Society, .Jan. 22; New York Historical Society, .Jan. 22; F. D. W.
French, Boston, Feb. 3; Charles B. Moore, New York. Jan. 30; Feb. 1; S. A. Nel-
son, Georgetown, .Jan. 16, 23; James Kiker, Waverly, N. Y., Jan. 16.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BOLI.ES, E. C. Portland Directory for 18G9. 1 vol. Svo.

Brooks, Mrs. H. M. Woman's Journal for 1871.

Butler, B.F., M. C. Conkling's Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 11, 1872. Report
of the Department ot Agriculture for Jan., 1872.

Freke Hen'RY. The Dependence of Life on Decomposition, by H. Freke. Svo
pampli. Dublin, 1871.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous jiamplilets, 4.

Laxgworthy, I. P. Catalogues of Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary for ia38-9,
l&W-l, ia56-7.

Perkins, Jonathan C. Catalogue of Amherst College, 1871-2. Exercises at the
Semi-centennial of Amherst College, July 12, 1871.

Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry'.
Transactions of 18.5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 1,2,3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9, 70. 16 pamphlets. Svo.

RoBiNSO.v, John. Railway Times. 150 nos. Jliscellaneous pamphlets, .50.

Ropes, Wm. L., of jVnUover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary,
1871-72.

St. John & Coffin of New Y'rk. The Cabin Book; or National Characteristics
by Chas. Sealsfleld. 1 vol. 12mo.

Sumner, Chas., U. S. Sen. Land Office Report for 1869. 1 vol. Svo. Washing-
ton, 1870.

By Exchange.

BiBLiOTiifeQUE Universelle et Revue SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phys-
iques et natureUes, Dec. 15, 1871. No. 168. Svo. pamph. Geneve. 1871.

20

Harvard College Library. Report of tlie President and Treasurer of Har-
vard College, 1870-71.

JIassachusetts Institute of Technology. Seventh Annual Catalogue of
the OiUcers and Students, 1871-2. Boston, 1872.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society'. Proceedings of, at the
Annual Meeting, Jan. .3, 1872.

Publishers. American Chemist. American Journal of Science. American
Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Chri.-tian Register. Christian World.
Essex County Mercury. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill
Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little (iiant. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peal)ody Press. Salem Observer. Shoe
and Leather Journal.

Horatio C. Merriam of Salem, elected a resident mem-
ber.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 1872.

President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting
read.

PASSION PLAY AT OBER-AMMERGAU.

Judge John P. Putnam of the Superior Court read a
very interesting paper descriptive of the performance of
the "Passion Play" at Ober-ainmergau, which he wit-
nessed in 1871, The audience listened with marked
attention, and the Judge's description was exceedingly
graphic and curious.

Ober-ammergau is a secluded village in the highlands of
Bavaria, and presents, as it is gradually approached, a very
picturesque appearance, nestled in a plain of green ticlds,
with snow-capped mountains in the background, a cluster
of quaint looking cottages, built of stone covered with
plaster, having the low broad Swiss roof, and each with
its little garden of vegetables and rose trees. In the
centre is thfe church, an object of veneration, love and
tender care, as the exquisite neatness of the interior, and

21

of the exterior with its surroundinjifs, amply testify. The
inhal)it;uits, niimhering some twelve hundred, are peasants
and with few exceptions, carvers in wood, an occupation
which tends to raise them above the ordinary farmer.

Many of their carvings are really art works and bear
marks of careful study. An atmosphere of general peace
and good will seems to pervade the place, the viHagers
pursue the even tenor of their ways, making their faith
their life, and cultivating those traits of character so
essential to the performance of this duty in fulfilment of a
vow made during a terrible pestilence in 1633.

When the pestilence was at its height, the poor peasants
vowed to God, that, if He would stay the plague, they
would perform every ten years, in token of their deep
gratitude, this sacred drama representing the character
of Christ from His entrance into Jerusalem to His ascen-
sion ; this has religiously been continued with scarcely an
omission every ten years to the present time.

The Judge then gave a brief outline of the history of
the sacred drama ; a history which exhibits very clearly
the gradual development of Christianity out of the forms
and customs of Paganism, in the early period of the
Churcii. Under the papacy of Gregory the Great the
germs of the true mystery plays are found ; the Ciiurch
then began to commemorate by processions with choruses,
chants and dialogues, scenes of the passions and of the
resurrection of the Saviour, and the various events of His
life. He spoke of the popularity of these plays, in Eng-
land, in the middle of the fourteenth century, and their
continuance to a later period in Germany, Spain and Italy
and to their tinal interdiction, generally, at the close of the
last century.

The performance of these plays has been several times
prohibited ; the villagers of Ober-ammergau have however

22

ahv.a3^s succeeded in obtaining a dispensation in their
favor. The time for its hist performance was 1870, but
the breakins: out of the Avar between France and Prussia
compelled its postponement to the next year. To illus-
trate its hold on the hearts of the people, Judge Putnam
stated that the villager who personated Christ was drafted
into the army, but he was permitted to wear his long hair,
and so careful were the authorities and soldiers for his
safety, that he was never placed in an exposed position,
but was confined to garrison duty.

The account of the performance was minute and impres-
sive. The stage occupies al)out twenty thousand square
feet, Avith a fine opportunity for grand scenic efiects.
The performers number in all about six hundred ; and
although the services commenced at 8 A. !M., and lasted
eight or nine hours, there was nothing from beginning to
end calculated to excite an} thing l)ut feelings of profound
emotion and reverence. Some of the spectacles were of
exceeding beauty. The music was solenm and inspiring.
It is not allowed to be written and no one is permitted to
commit a note to pencil and paper. Two years previous
to the performance the principal characters are selected,
and the individual representing Christ must allow his hair
to grow that length of time, also those who represent
eJoseph of iVrimathea and many of the disciples. On the
January preceding, the rehearsals commence and continue
several times a week.

The theatre is capable of seating some five or six thou-
sand people, and entirely uncovered excepting the first and
second row of boxes. The play is given on every Sunday
and festival day from May to September inclusive, upwards
of twenty times in all, so that during the course of the
summer one hundi'ed thousand persons can see it. Every-
body seems to be inspired with the occasion — the peasants

23

of the neighboring vilhiges, the great and fashionable
world, and the ordinary tourist, were all there, as well as
the Catholic Priest, the Anglican minister, and the Protes-
tant dissenting minister, thus showing sympathy and favor.

We shall not attempt a report of eTudge Putnam's
description ; it must be listened to in order to be properly
appreciated. He described the opening chorus, the tab-
leaux which precede and illustrate each act, the great taste
and discipline which pervade tiie performance, and each
of the eighteen or twenty acts in detail, beginning with
the trium[)hal entrance of our Lord into Jerusalem at the
rising of the curtain, and contiiming through the High
Priests in council ; the departure nf Jesus from Bethany,
and the taking leave of his mother; the last sup[)er ; the
l)etra3'al and the kiss ; Jesus I)efore Caiaphas ; despair of
Judas ; Christ before Pilate ; the scourging and crowning
with thorns ; the sentence ; Christ bearing the cross ; the
crucihxion ; and the resurrection and the ascension.

There was nothing, the lecturer said, in all this to
offend the most delicate taste, or that was inconsistent
with devotional emotions or religious instincts. Men and
women go up to the performance, once in ten years, as if
it Avere the Mecca of their spiritual pilgrimage ; and the
entire representation, when once beheld, is a scene never
to be forgotton.

At the close of the lecture several photographs of the
scenes described were exhibited, which added much to the
permanent impressiveness of his remarks, and terminated
an evening of singular and profound interest and sug«'-es-
tiveness.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From C. C. Beainan. Cambridge, Feb. 7, 15; E. S. Joslin, Media', Penn., Feb. 9;
Lucy Larcom, Boston, Feb. 17; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown, Feb. 6; William S.

24

Perry, Geneva, X. Y., Feb. 3; J. P. Putnam, Boston, Feb. 14, 4; W. Hudson Ste-
phens, Lowville, N. Y.. Feb. 10; Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, dea
Lettres et des Beaux-art'*, Jul. Li, 25, Aout :50; Buffalo Historical Society, Feb. 14;
Dresden, Verein fur Erdkunde. Oct. 15; Geneve Socititc de Physique et d'llistoire
Niiturelle, Oct. 1, Gorlitz. Die Naturfor.'^chcnde GescllscliafC, Nov. 18; Hague, Eiito-
niolosical Society of the Nethorl.'inds, Dec. 12; London, LinnjEau Society, Aus. 2;
Lugfluno-Batavre, Bibliotheca Univorsitatis, July 2f;; St. Petersburg, La Socitite
Eiitomologique Russie, Oct. 21 ; Upsal, Societe Royale des Sciences, Nov. 1 ; Wash-
ington, Smithsonian Institution, Jan. 20; Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung naturw.
Kenutnisse.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Butler, Bexj. F., of Washington, D. C. Speech of Hon. G. F. Hoar of Mas.s. in
U. S. House of Reps., Jan. 25, 1872. 8vo pamph. Remarks of Hon. Ellis H. Rob-
erts of New York in U. S. House of Reps., Jan. 31, 1872. 8vo pamph. Speech of
Hon. Geo. C. Mclvee of Mississippi in U. S. House of Reps., Feb., 1872. 8vo
pamph.

Garkisox, W. p., of New York. Constitution and By-laws of New England
Society of Orange, New Jersey, 1871. liinio pamph.

Haven, Henry p. Reports concerning the Public Schools of New London, 1871.
8vo pamph.

KiMiiALL, James. Massachusetts Register for 18G9. 1 vol. 8vo.

Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin for Jan., Feb., 1872.

National As.sooiation OP Wool Manufactures. Bulletin. Vol.111. No. 1.
Jan. -March. 1873. 8vo pamph.

Sumner, Chas., of Washington, D. C. L.iws of the United States. 3d Session,
41st Congress, 1st Session, 42d Congress. 1870-71. 8vo pamph.

Unknown. Worcester Directory for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bij Exchange.

ACADftMIE iMPfeRIALE DES SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTRES ET ART.>^ DE BORDEAUX.

Actes, 3e Serie, 32e Annee. 1870. ler et 2e Trimestre*. 8vo pamph.

AcADEMiic Royale de.s SCIENCE^s Arts et Belles.Lettres in Caen. Me-
moires, 18(i8, 18(5S), 1870. 1871. 4 vols. 8vo.

ACADE.MIE Rf)YALE DES SCIENCES, DKS LETTRES ET DES BEAU.K- ARTS DE BEL-

GIQUE. Annuaire, 1871. KSrno pamph. Bulletins, 2me. Ser. T. 29, 30, 31. 1870-71.
3 pamphs. 8vo. Observations des Phcnomunes Periodiques pendant 1' Annees,
18G7. 8, 9. 2 pamphlets. 4to.

American Piiilosoimiical Society, Proceedings of. Vol. xii, No. 87. July-
Dec., 1871. 8vo panipli.

Boo RE, A. P. Notice sur nn nouveau genre de Tijnfebrionides appartenant au
Groupe des Adeliides par A. P. De Boore. Svo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4.

Boston I'uulk! Lirrary. Bulletin for Jan., 1872.

Die PinsiKALiscii-.MEDiciMscin; societat in EitLANfiEX. Sitzungsbcrichte.
3 Heft. Mai 1870 bis Aug. 1871. Svo pamph.

Pi;rlisiikrs. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegmph. Half Yearly Com-
pendium of Medical Sciences. Hardwicke's Science Ciossip. Haverhill (Jazette.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcrii)!. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's
Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe an<l Leather Journal.

BULLETIN

:h]ss:k]s: ix\rsTZTTJT:Ki.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., March, 1872. No. 3.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4th, 1872.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meetinc^ read.

THE OLD CARVED CHAIR.

From a letter of E. "VV. Farley, Esq., of Newcastle,
Me., recently received, we learn that the curious old
carved oaken chair, which was given to the Historical
Society, June 27, 1821, by Robert Brookhouse, of Salem,
is a complete counterpart of the one in his possession, and
as far as antiquity and style are concerned, these two
chairs arc perhaps unequalled by any to be found in New
England. 'Sir. Brookhouse received this chair from the
family of ^lajor John Farley, of Newcastle, Me., a
native of Ipswich, Mass. Mr. Brookhouse's first wife
was a daughter of said Farley, and ^Ir. Farley's wife was
Sarah Dennis of Ipswich. This chair was one of four
pieces of furniture of similar wood and carvings belong-
ing to said Sarah Dennis, and was taken to Newcastle on
her removal there in 1772 or 1773 — cousistino; of two
Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 4

26

arm chairs, alike in pattern, a tape loom and a chest now
in the possession of Mrs. E. G. Perkins, of Salem, having
upon it the date "1G34 ;" and there is reliable traditional
evidence of the age of said furniture corresponding with
the year 1634, and that these articles were brought over
from England by the first emigrant of the Dennis family
of Ipswich.

A RELIC OF "YE OLDEN TIME," — A STONE MILL.

In form the mill is mortar like, about as large as a peck
measure, with the furred stone fitting so as to make an
efiectual grinder. It is similar to the stone mills spoken
of in the Bil)le, which the Jewish women used. It was
presented by Mr. D. L. D. Balch, of Amesl)ury, accom-
panied by the following letter : —

Amesbury, February 7, 1872.
To the Officers of the Essex Institute : —

Gentlemen: — In accordance with a purpose long entei'tained by
me, I hereby offer for your acceptance the "Stone Mill" which was
brought to this country by " Lieut. Francis Peabody," in the year
1635.

This "mill" has been preserved in the Peabody family from that
date to the present time, mostly at Topsflcld. It was linally presented
to my father, the late Israel Balch, M. D., some sixty years ago, by
Jacob Peabody, and by him kept till his death in 1858.

It was my father's special request that this relic of " ye olden time"
should be presented to your Institute, and it is not only a duty but a
pleasure to comply with the same.

Trusting that this ancient memento of the ancestor of that hon-
ored benefactor, the late George Peabody, may be accepted and pre-
served through all coming time, I am

Your obedient servant, D. L. D. Balcii.

HOWARD STREET CHURCH.

Mr. George D. Phippen presented a comnmnication
from Rev. C. C. Beaman, formerly of this city, on "The
Closing History of the Branch or Howard Street Church
in Salem." Referred to the committee on publications

27

for insertion in the "Historical Collections." At a raeet-
iu<Z of the Institute, Monday evening, Jan. 20th, 1862,
Rev. Mr. lieanian read an ijiterestiiig historical sketch of
this church, with brief notices of the several ministers
who have successively officiated in that place. This
paper was printed in the "Historical Collections of the
Essex Institute," Vol. iii, page 272.

CLEAVELAXD'S JOURNALS.

]\rr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., read a letter from Nehemiah
Cleaveland, of Westport, Conn., tendering to the Insti-
tute some journals written by his grandfather, Rev. John
Cleaveland, of Chebacco parish, in Ipswich. The thanks
of the Institute were tendered to ^Nlr. Cleaveland for his
generous ofier, and Mr. Goodell was requested to com-
municate the same.

The Secretary announced the following additional
correspondence : —

From L. D. Gould, Boston Highlands, Feb. 23; S. A. Green, Boston, Feb. 28: B.
H. Hall. Troy. X. Y., Feb. 27. Mch. 1; Francis Harrington. Boston. Feb. 23; John
F. McCoy, New York, Feb. 17. 21; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown, Feb. 19, 29; John H.
Sage. Hartford. Conn., March 1; W. Hudson Stephens. Lowville, N. Y., Feb. 20:
A. Woodward, Franklin, Conn., Feb. 20.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BnTLER. Hox. B. F., of Washington, D. C. Speech of Hon. Roscoe Conkling in
U. S. Senate, Feb. 19, 1872. 8vo pamph.

Kimball. J.vme.'*. Proceedings of the Riglit Wortliy Grand Lodge. I. O. O. F. of
Mass. ]8i)7. '8, '9, '70, '71. 9 nos. The World Almanac, 1868, '9, '70, '71, '72. Miscella-
neous pamplilets. 10.

MAsruESTER PriiLic Library. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Trustees.
Dec. 31.1870. 12mo pamph.

Maxxixg, Robert. Journal de 1' Agriculture, Tome iv, 1869, .5 nos. Tome i.
ii, iii, 1870. 17 nos. Der Farmers Freiind, 1871.

Palfray. C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

Perley. Edward. Directory of St. Paul for 18G3. 1 vol. 8vo.

Stephens, W. H. of Lowville. N. Y. Directory of Harrisburg for 1839. 1 vol.

Stone. Edwix M. Thirtieth Annual Report of the Ministry at Large. Jan. 2.
1872. 8vo pamph.

28

SUMXER, Hon. Chas., of Wasliiugton, D. C. Department of Agriculture for
1S70. 1 vol. 8vo. Washington. 1871.

By Exchange.

ENTOMOLOfilCAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS IN 'S GRAENIIAGIE. Tijd-

schrift voor Entomologie. Tweede Serie Vijfile. Deel 1-6. Aflerering. 18()i)-70-
Zesde Deel 1, Aflerering, 1871. 7 piimplilets. 8vo.

Flax Extension Association in Ireland. Third and Fourth Annual Re-
ports of, for the Improvement of the Culture of Flax in Ireland, 18()9-70. 2 paniphs.
I'imo. lu.'rtruction for the Culture and Preparation of Flax in Ireland. I'inio
pamph.

Geological and Polytechnic Society of \A''est Riding of Yorkshire,
Proceedings of, 1870. 8vo pamph. Leeds, 1871.

KoxGLiGA Vextenskaps Societeten, Upsala, Sweden. Nova Acta, Ser. Ill,
Vol. vii. Fasc. I, II. 1869-70. 2 pamphs. 4to. Up.salia;, 1869-70. Bulletin Meteoro-
logique Mensucl, Vol. ii, Nos. 1-1-2, 1859-70. Vol. iii, Nos. 1-6, 1870-71.

L'Institute Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxemburg (Ci-devant Societe des
Sciences Naturelles). Publications, Tome xi.— Annees 1869 et 1870. 8vo pamph.

NATURFOR.SCIIENDE Gesellschaft IN BAMBERG. Bericht. 1869-70. 8vo pamph.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel. Verhandlungen, Theil 5. Heft
3. 8vo pamph.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Gorlitz. Abhaudlungen, Bd. xiv.
1871. 8vo. Gorlitz. 1871.

Natuuwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis" in Dresden. Sitzungs-
berichte, 1871. Juli, Aug., Sept. 8vo pamph.

Philosophical and Literary Society in Leeds. Annual Report, 1870-71.
8vo pamph. Leeds, 1871.

Royal Society of London. Proceeding.? of, Vol. xviii, Nos. 119-122, Vol. xix,
123-129. 11 pamphlets. Svo.

SociETii d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de La Sartiie. Le Mans. Bulle-
tin, Tomes xi, xii, xiii. 1870, 1871.

Societe d'Anthropologie in Paris. Bulletins, Tomes iv, v. 1869-70.

SociEi'E DE Physique et d'Historie Naturelle in Geneve. Mcmoires, Vol.
xxi. part I. -ito pamph. Table des Memoires Tomes i a. x.x. 4to pamph.

SociETi''; Entomologique de Russia ix St. Petersburg. Iloraj Societatis
Entomologicie Rossicic, Tome vii. No. 4. Tome vii, No. 2. 1871.

SociETii Malacologique i>e BELGHiUEiN IJRUXELLES. Aunales, Tome r.
1870. Svo pamph.

VEREIN ZUR VERUREITUN(i NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER KENNTXISSE IX WlEX-

Schrilten, Band xi, Jahrg. 1870-71. 16mo pamph.

BiBLioi'Hi;<iUE UxivERSELLE ET Revie SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phy-
siques ct naturelles. Oct. 1.5, 1871. No. 16(i. Svo pampli. 1871.

Iowa State Historical Society. Annals of. Jan.. 1872. Svo i)amph.

New York Genealo<;ical and IJioGiiAniirAi, Society. Record of, Jan.,
I8C2. Svo pamph.

Rhode Islaxd Historical Society. Roger Williams, a paper read before
the Society, Nov. 8, 1871. By Thomas T. Stone. Svo pamph.

PuiiLiSHEits. American Chemist. American Journal of Science and Arts.
Canailian Journal. Gloucester Telegraph. Ilavei hill Gazette. Land and Water.
Lawrence American. Little (iiant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical
and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. I'cabody Press, .'shoe and Leatlier
Journal. v

29

Mr. S. A. Nelson of Georgetown read the followino:
C()inimiiiU';ition on

THE METEOROLOGY OF MOUNT WASHINGTON.

The mountainous region of New Hampshire north of
Lake Winnipiscoirce, known as the AVhite Mountains has
a north and south extension of about sixty miles, and on
a cross line is not far from thirty miles wide.

The several ranges are naturally divided into groups,
as the Moosilauke group in the southwest, the Franconia
region westerly, to the south the Pemigewasset Mountains,
centrally the jNIount Washington group, and to the north
the Stratford Peaks, together with others of less impor-
tance.

The Mount Washington group has an area of not far
from thirty miles long and tifteen wide and has a north-
east and S(juthwest course. Centrally in this range is
Mount Washington, in latitude 44°, 16', 26" and longi-
tude 71°, 16', 26", Avest from Greenwich. The altitude
is 6,293 feet and it is the highest peak in the group by
500 feet, and the highest east of the ^lississippi with the
exception of Clingman's Peak in western North Carolina.

Prof. Edward Tuckerman marks out four regions on
JSIount AYashington : First, the lower forest, where are
found the hard wood species of the lowlands, with the
white spruce and fir, forming a dense forest. Secondly, the
upper forest, composed of l)lack spruce, fir, Frazer's bal-
sam fir, a mountain ash, with rarely the canoe and yellow
birch. At four thousand feet altitude these trees become
dwarfed and are oidy found above this height in a few
sheltered localities on the southern side of the mountain.
The plants in the third, or sub-Alpine region, correspond
to like localities in mountain regions generally, and from
a little below the summit, upward, is the Alpi.ine region,

30

with many plants native to Labrador and Greenland.
The change of climate from the base to the summit is
equivalent to that of several degrees north.

In this paper I shall confine my remarks exclusively to
the meteorological phenomena of the mountain. An ex-
tended inquiry would be of greater value, but it is impos-
sible to more than briefly touch upon the several points
under consideration. I do not propose to discuss theories
so much as to present facts to show the advantages moun-
tain stations ofier over those less elevated.

Some of the highest authorities have held that the study
of meteorology should begin from above. Among these
are Biot and Poey. And why meteorologists should have
been so long content to study the aspects of the weather
within the narrow limits of the lower earth currents, it is
hard to decide. It is true that in Europe similar observa-
tions to those made on Mount Washington have been main-
tained for a limited time, but never till the past year
in this country, yet nowhere have they been deemed of
much value.

When we look through the rifts of a low running S. E.
scud, and see, at an altitude of less than a mile, an upper
current of cirro-cunudus rai)idly moving towards the
northeast, or in a fair da\-, observe it progressing at the
rate of fifty miles an hour, wiiile at the surface the wind
is not above ten miles — a desire to investigate the phe-
nomenon is aroused, and we devise ways and means to
accomplish this end.

Where shall we go l)ut to some lofty mountain peak
that rises to the altitude of the atmospheric current in
Avhich that stratum of cloud is drifting?

East of the meridian of 105° west from Greenwich,
over the whole continent, north of the N. E. trades,
there is an v atmospheric current constantly flowing in a

31

northerly direction. It flows in a descending plane dif-
fering but slightly from that of the limit of pci'petual
snow. Its descent is known to be not far from 16,000
feet at the equator to very near the surface at the poles.
Over this country its range is from about 3,000 to 12,000
feet and vertically it cannot l)e far from 6,000 to 8,000 feet.

It varies in direction and elevation with the chanirinof
seasons — runs lower in summer than winter — and vary-
ing on difierent parallels, it flows near the earth when no
surface wind interferes. Over New England its course is
nearly W. S. W. to E. N. E., but west of the Alleghany
INIountains it is more southerly. Its elevation and direc-
tion also vary in the same latitude with the variations of
the weather, and probably corresi)ond with the increase
and diminution of magnetic force.

This is the counter-trade, and comes to us from the
South Atlantic Ocean. Within, it form our storms. Its
ameliorating influences are seen in the southerly storms of
winter, in the gentle southwest gales of April and May.
Oi)i)osed to this is the dry, northwest wind which sweeps
down from the Arctic regions. Many maintain that this is
a surface wind. So it is when it has driven itself under
the counter-trade and fills the space between that higher
current and the earth. But it becomes an intermediate
one whenever an easterly wind prevails at the surfice, and
its place is between the surface wind and the southwest-
erly upper current of the counter-trade. Our records
show that this frecpiently occurs.

It is not necessary to enlarge upon this, as it is no part
of my purpose to combat theories, and I only alhide to it
at all, that it might be seen clearly wherein Mount Wash-
ington, or any isolated peak, is superior to stations less
elevated, for the particular department of observations on
aerial currents.

32

These advantages, at Mount Washington, we find in
the elevation of more than a mile above sea-level, and
that it so nearly reaches the line of perpetual snow, in the
considerable height over the surrounding peaks ; in the
summit being usually above the lower surface winds and
lower cloud stratum.

As it is, to a certain extent within the region of the
higher upper currents, barometric, thermometric and
hygrometric conditions obtain, which do not at lower
stations, or in the same time and degree, and of value in
connection with them in forecasting storms.

BAROMETRIC OBSERVATIOXS.

It is well understood that changes in the velocity of the
wind and amount of cloud, exercise a marked influence
upon the barometer. These disturbing elements being
in full force here, hence the sensitiveness of the in-
strument and its fluctuations, as well as its wide range.
Its sensitiveness is best seen in a neai-l}^ calm da}^ when
clouds are drifting over ; then the mercurial column will
not rest for a moment, and yet the range for an hour may
not be more than .002 to .004 of an inch. The fluctua-
tions during a gale are very great, frequently from one
half hour to another, half an inch or more. The range
from December 1st, 1870, to May 14th, 1871, was 1.5it5
inches. The lowest reading corrected for temperature
was 22.120 and the highest was 24.104. The lirst was
during the great gale of December and the last towards
the latter part of May. It has a wide range in the great
gales, or hurricanes of winter, but not in the sunnner
storms.

Almost h()url\' observations wove taken from 11 a.m.,
January 22d, to 9.30 a.m. of the 2;3d. This was one of
the three great gales. The range was 1.11(5. The long-

33

est and most severe storm of all occurred in February,
commencing on the 4th. Observations from 7 a. m. of
the 4lh to the same hour ou the 5th gave a range of
1.403. Other storms gave like results. On the 21st
of ^lay thunder showers prevailed over an extended area ;
but none passed over the mountain or very near. The
barometer was depressed, owing more to the intensity of
magnetic force than other causes as the weather was fiue
with us. The 22d was characteristic of the mountain.
It was warm, clear and calm in the morniug, with a ter-
rific thunder storm at noou and wintry weather at night.
At 11 A.M. the temperature was GG° — the hiofhest durinor
the summer with one or two exceptions — at 3 p.m. 26. °
The barometric fluctuations were constantlv ffoins: on
early in the morning, falling 1.124 from 8 a.m. to noon.
The oscillations of the barometer were in the same time
as the dischai-ge of electricity at the telegra[)li table; both
in the afternoon of the 21st and on the 22d.

Humboldt has said, speaking of the horary variations
of the bar(uneter, that "no atmospheric circumstances —
neither rain, nor fair weather, nor wind, nor tempest —
affects the perfect regularity of these oscillations under
the tropics ; but they subsist alike at all times and in all
seasons."

We cannot say this of ]Mount Washington. On the
contrary, as the diurnal variation is governed by the rate
of the wind and amount of cloud, it is only in calm,
clear weather that it is at the usual hours, and, as it is sel-
dom clear or calm, it may be said that here it does not
conform to the general law. The tables of several sta-
tions in the New Hampshire Geological Report, compared
with ^Nlount Washington, show that on the mountain,
there are times of high and low pressure which do not
extend to the lower stations. These seem to be confined
Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 5

34

to the upper atmosphere. But of the great atmospheric
disturbauccs, covering one or more days' time, having a
sweep of thousands of miles, we get, it appears from the
record, the first barometric indications at lower stations.
In a few instances the Mount Washington record gives
earlier indications than the other stations ; this is true of
the December fjale.

Preceding the gale of January 22d and 23d, the high-
est reading was on the 19th at each place, but it was
some hours iu advance of Mount Washington at Hanover,
N. H., and Lunenburg, Vt., where the maximum ob-
tained at 7 A. M. ; at Gorham, N. H., 2 p. m., and at
Mount Washington not until 4.57 p.m. At Lunenburg
and Hanover, the minimum was on the 21st; at Mount
Washington the 22d. The maximum after the gale
abated was obtained at Hanover and Gorham the 2;")th ;
at Mount Washiugton and Lunenburff on the 2()th at 7
A.M. Lunenburg has an elevation of 1,124 feet, and the
climatic conditions more nearly correspond to those of
Mount Washington than the other stations above men-
tioned.

THERMOMETER.

Although our observations in this department are not
so complete as we could wish, yet they furnish much iu-
teresting and valuable matter, imperfect as they are. We
had no spirit thermometer wheu wo most needed it, and
our mercurial iustruments, though excellent, were too few
in number. Dr. Kane says that " errors dependent on
wind, suu and local radiation should be carefully guarded
against." These remarks apply with much force to Mount
Washington especially as regards radiation from clouds
lying below the summit.

From partial records for the year from December, 1S70,
to November^ 1871, inclusive, I think the meau tempera-

35

ture of the j'ear mny be not far from — 5° Centigrade,
equivalent to 23° Fahrenheit. It cannot possibly l)e so
hio-h as the zero isotlicrnial lino Centiurade. For the
year, that of Montreal is 40° ; and the isothermal line of
45° passes a little south of Mount Washington, while the
summit enjoys the climate of southern Greenland.

The highest observed temperature was 66'^ ; and the
lowest reliable reading of the mercurial thermometer was
— 54°. On the 5th of February at 3 o'clock in the morn-
ing the reading was — 59.° That it should read correctly
at — 54° may be questioned. The freezing point of mer-
cury is not yet well established. Dr. Kane says that
"thermometers correct at — 40° and agreeing would show
a difference of 15° or 20° at —60°." So it was found by
Sir James Ross at Leopold Harbor. Nor does Dr. Kane
regard "the contraction of colored alcohol at very low
temperatures, as sufficiently investigated to enable us to
arrive at the cause or quantity of error." "The freezing
point of mercury varied" with him "from between — 38.5°
and 41.5°." Sir Edward Belcher obtained results where
the mercury descended as low as — 44°. Our thermom-
eters were the Smithsonian standard in the winter, and
later tiie standard instrument made by James Green, of
New York — all excellent instruments. In the case under
consideration the fall to — 54° was gradual ; but this is
admitted to be no proof that the fall was not due to the
contraction of the mercury after it became solid, as this
frequently occurred in Dr. Kane's observatory. Of one
thing I am fully assured ; and it is, that there is much to
be learned regarding the freezing point of mercury.

Nothing is more certain than the fact that the rise and
fall of temperature, as a rule, is tirst obtained here. For
instance, a low temperature, accompanying the easterly
movement of the high, cold, upper wind current, is from

3G

six to thirty-six liours earlier on Mount Washington than
at lower stations. High and low temperatures are regis-
tered here, Avhieh we shall notice under winds, tliat do
not descend to lower levels. On the other hand low tem-
peratures are observed below when there is no change on
the mountain. This we shall explain further on. So
there are cold terms when the minimum is lower at some
not distant stations than here.

As with the barometer so the thermometer has no fixed
hours of daily maxima and minima. At Mount Washing-
ton there were seventeen days when the maxinnim was
attained at 2 p.m., to ten at 7 a.m., and nine at 9 p.m., or
when the readings were the same as at 2 p.m. At Mon-
treal, twenty-nine at 2 p.m., to two at 7 a.m., and five at
9 P.M. At Hanover, twenty-three at 2 p.m. to four each
at 7 A.M. and 9 p.m. In winter the changes are sudden
and great ; often in a half-hour from 5° to 25° and at any
period of the twenty-four hours. The change of temper-
ature from Sunday morning, Fel)ruary 5th at 3 o'clock, if
we call it at that hour, — 54°, to Tuesday noon follow-
ing, when the thermometer indicated, in the sun, ()2°, was
116°. Thirty to forty degrees ditferencc in a day is of
common occurrence.

IIVGROMETRIC OBSEUVATIOXS

Were made with great care. During the winter we used
wet and dry bull) thermometers hung side by side, and
after the warm season opened the Mason Hygrometer.
With all our care these froze and so were ruined. For
that locality the ordinary wet and dry bulbs are most con-
venient at all times and in that moist climate require but
little attention. Of these observations. Professor Cleve-
land Abbe, of the Signal Office, AVashington, has said
"the hvgromutric observations from the mountain stations

are of the hiirlu'st inii)oit:ince I inanngo daily to

derive information which foretells the coming storm, and
"vvould do so far more aceui'atelv had we two other stations
distant one to three hundred miles."

Tlu' iiyirrometer alone is a reliaMe instrument for de-
termininu' the weather some time in advance of a change.
On the mountain we could assure ourselves as to the
weather for twelve to twenty-four hours; and after sum-
mer travel commenced our observations showed practical
results daily ; inasmuch as tourists stopping at the hotel
availed themselves of the information thus gained in
making their arrangements for tiie ensuing day.

It is the hygrometer upon which we deiKMid more than
the barometer. It is seldom that tlu; readings of the wet
and dry l)ulbs difler more than four or live degrees, quite
rare that the diiference is greater than ten. In this
country as great a dillcrence as thirty-live degrees has
been recorded, and in India sixty degrees. I am led to
believe that however unfavorable the climate is, in some
res^iects, to health, the exem])tion from coughs and colds
is due to this uniformly moist atmos[)here.

THE WINDS.

The records show almost constant and exceedingly high
velocities. Winds of from thirty to sixty miles an hour
are the rule, light Avinds and cahns the exception. In
winter, ninety to one hundred miles is not uncommon,
while in summer it seldom rises to ninety. The winter
gales, which are westerly or northwest when attended by
a low temperature, spend their fury in a gentle north wind
bringing a moderation of temperature, quite frequently.
This has been noticed by Dr. Hayes, by iNIcClintock and
Parry. I state the fact, but confess that I am unable to
explain the phenomenon. Here, as in the Arctic zone,

38

there are high northerly winds excessively cold, iind this
seems to be the normal condition of things. On the
monntaiii this gentle north wind will change snddenly,
with a rising barometer, to south or southwest, which we
can understand readily to be the downward movement of
the southwest counter-trade descending to our level but
not passing below it. A perfect calm is of the rarest
occurrence in winter, for more than an hour or two. At
Hanover for thi-ce months there were reported ninety-nine
calms. Easterl}' winds are exceptional ; out of two hun-
dred and seventy observations, ten only were easterly.
At Lunenburg seventy-three in the same time and Hanover
forty-one. At Gorham, out of one hundred and forty-
seven there were forty-one. This average holds nearly
as eood for the summer months. Three or four hundred
feet greater elevation would place the summit above the
course of the lowest surface winds. Neither do the
northwest winds run much over a thousand feet higher.
The altitude of 8,000 feet would undonbtedly give con-
stant westerly winds.

From the direction and thickness of the cloud stratum,
the height of the atmospheric current may be at all times
determined. On the 28d of June at 7 a.m., the cloud en-
veloping the summit was unusually dense ; the wind near
the depot, southeast, in puffs, and calms, and nine miles
per hour. On the roof of the hotel it was southwest and
fifteen miles at least. An hour later the rain was pouring
in torrents, and at the depot the wind had changed to
southwest, thirteen miles an hour. These records .show
that gentle westerly winds may prevail on the sunnnit,
while below, at stations near and remote, the wind is
easterly and tempestuous. They show, too, that the
heavy gales of the winter were tirst felt on the mountain.
Tlu^ northwest wind sweeping southward, pushes up,

39

wedges itself under the current-trade, as it were (for
atmospheric currents do not mingle, hut stratify, the Iliin-
ton"an theory to the contrary notwithstanding), gradu-
ally descending to the sea-level.

Of one summer high wind there is a partial report.
June 8th at 5 p.m., the gale arose on the mountain reach-
ing its height at 1 a.m., the Dth. At Bethlehem, N. H.,
fifteen miles west (1,800 feet ahove the level of the sea),
there was a gentle breeze till 11 p. m., the 8th, but from
that hour to 5 a.m., the 9th, the wind was high. At Beth-
lehem a cool, windy day followed, but on the mountain
it was nearly calm and mild. Nor did it reach its high-
est i^oint at Hanover till it had abated on Mount Wash-
ington.

CLOUDS.

It is obvious that the higher upper currents, especially
of cirrus, which often floats at an elevation of 21,000
feet, will not present any very marked ditference at the
altitude of a little more than a mile. Generally it is dur-
ing the transition stage into cirro-stratus or cirro-cumulus
that we find this elevation advantageous. It becomes
decidedly so when we would study the lower cloud-forms
or observe the condensation of an api)roaching storm.
As is well known, the higher upper current of cirrus is a
westerly one, that it has a movement from west, or south
of west, eastward. Passing into any sub-form the course
may be from any point between S. S. W. and N. N. W.
The lower currents of cumuli, which are rare in winter,
and the stratus run low, seldom rising to the level of the
summit. The stratus of winter is often extended over
an area of several hundred square miles, and rarely- has a
greater average thickness, in the vicinity of the moun-
tain, and probably not elsewhere, than 1,000 feet.

It is doubtful if, in this latitude, it ever exceeds 3,000

40

feet. Yet it is this thin stratum of cloud that gives the
h)wlan(ls so many gloomy days in winter, while on the
mountain there is no cloud from sunrise to sunset. It is
on such days, when it is serene there and cloudy below,
that wc have a high temperature comparatively. This
has been noticed in Europe. On the Brocken, in winter,
under similar conditions, it is warmer than at lierlin.

In April there was the finest possible display of cumuli,
an immense mass of cloud many thousand feet vertically
and miles in extent. We may sec the lower currents
moving in ditferent directions at the same time. Imme-
diately around the mountains if they run low, they follow
the line of the several ranges. It is not unusual at all
seasons to see them on a S. E. course south of Mount
Washington, and north of Mount Adams a S. W. one at
the same time. Condensation may l)o going on at one
point, in a contrary one, but a few miles distant, the cloud
is re-dissolving. A distinguished French savant has said
that he never saw, on the Alps, the tbrmation of a cloud.
A close observer, living on jNIount Washington will have
many opportunities to witness condensation over the sum-
mit. We did frequently, and Dr. Brewer of Boston has
informed me that he once observed this on ^Nlt. Washing-
ton.

[To be coiilimied.l

BULLETIN

OF THE

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., April, 1872. No. 4.

One Dollar a Year iu Ailvance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, March 4th, 1872.

[ Con tinued .]
STORMS.

In observations on an approaching storm the eleva-
tion of 6,000 feet is important, inasmuch as the observer
is above the lower strata, the "storm-scucl." Here he
may note the changes in kind and rehitive position of the
several cloud strata from the moment the storm is seen
along the western horizon, two hundred miles distant, till
it shall envelop the lofty peak of Mount Washington. The
elevation of a storm moving east can be seen as far dis-
tant as NeAv York City.

AVhen condensation advances but little faster than the
storm line, it is a more interesting study than wdien the
condensation is going on for days, and over a wide ex-
tent of country at the same time. If rapid and with the
storm, Ave notice at an immense height the "polar bands"
of cirrus, lower, cirro-stratus, or cirro-cumulus. From

Essex Ixst. Bulletix. iv 6

42

the first until it breaks on us, the progressive move-
ment is traced on a north and south line — west of that
line is the storm — east, fair weather ; the upper current
precedes somewhat the lower stratus, or "scud." When
the line is within a hundred miles we see this more plainly.
The under current of stratus ^a condensation in advance
of the storm — is gradually spreading. out on every side.
Towards uight the prominent landmarks are hidden from
view. We can see that the lower stratus current is rini-
ning under the advancing cloud. The cloud shuts down
upon the mountain, all about us an easterly storm is rag-
ing, here it is a southwesterly or westerly one.

A storm presenting its southern side to us is not so
interesting, as it condenses most rapidly on this side. On
the summit there are sometimes southeasterly storms, but
seldom one uorth of east. The great storm of October
4th, 1869, was from this direction, as was one short but
severe gale and heavy rain of March last.

AUKORA BOREALIS.

We witnessed many tine Auroras, but no new facts
regarding them are on record. It is to be regretted that
we were uot prepared to observe to some extent, electri-
cal phenomena, particularly in connection with aiu'oral
storms. The only peculiar features noticed were the
apparent nearness to the earth of the auroral waves, as
a rule ; and three times, displays when the moon was
past the first quarter. Our line, or our .end of the line,
gave us much trouble at such times. \Vith the insulated
wire of the mountain station three miles in length, there
is all'orded an op[)()rt unity for the study of electric cur-
rents in the terrestrial strata as well as atmospheric cur-
rents such as is seldom ollered. The mountain is a gigan-
tic insulator, no "ground" being obtainable on the summit.

43

ATMOSPIIEUIC ELECTniClTV

I had ail oi)[)(iit unity of observing in our line the eflects
ot" the tliiiiulcr showers of the 2 1st of May. Being alone, I
eoiild not pay that attention to the several phenomena
whieli I desired. We had a very sensitive compass which
we used as a galvanometer. The oscillations of the needle
were followed hy a report of distant thunder. As the
shower was tifteen or twenty miles distant, several seconds
elapsed between the deviation of the needle and the re-
port. The instruments were not "cut out" at first so that I
ol)tained simultaneously with the oscillation of the needle,
the click of the armature. I could now time the oscilla-
tions of the barometer. These I found to correspond to
the oscillations of the needle in time and amount with the
intensity of the current. I did not continue these experi-
ments long from fear of injury to the insti'ument, and
possibly injury to myself.

The next day there Avas a succession of showers, with
one at noon on the summit continuins; an hour, durinsf
which time the depot was struck five times. Early in the
morning, I had taken the precaution to connect the rails by
an iron bar, and this I think saved the building from dam-
age. It is said that, since the road was comi)leted, scarcely
a day passes, when there are not electrical discharges
on the mountain, but that man}' of these seek the track, as
the best conductor, following it to some point near the
river at the terminus. Ju view of the terrible results
attending mtmntain thunder storms, to those so unfortu-
nate as to encounter them, of which we have accounts of
large parties perishing together by a single discharge of
electric fire, we might be surprised to learu that no harm
was ever done buildings or persons on Mount Washington,
althouii^h the hotel has more than once been struck. Is

44

not this exemption clue to the fact that the summit is in-
suUited? and tliat the electric current seeks a nxn-e favor-
able path to the earth? I have noticed repeated dis-
charges earthward, over Raymond's Cascade, in tlie Great
Gulf in a single shower.

AQUEOUS PHENOMENA.

It frequently rains at a temperature of 28° and at times
with even a lower reading. It is not uncomnwn for it to
snow furiously when the reading is as high as 37.° The
warm waves descending to the level of the summit bring
rain even in January. Owing to the violence of the
wind, measurements of rain and snow are practically use-
less. Although the fall of snow is very great, rarely
more than two or three feet lie long. The quantity
held in suspension during a gale is astonishing. From
November to April it is, that of all high Alpine regitms, a
dry impalpable powder. A snow-flake mentioned in the
Press telegram of January 8th as "new," which was the
cause of considerable merriment to a certain class of
public journals, may be described as pyramids of six sides
base depressed with the sides corresponding to the exte-
rior. It seems that Capt. Parry saw this form of snow-
flake in one of his voyages and described it in his report.

Of the frost formations, very beautiful, the highest
charm of winter mountain scenery, it is only necessary
to remark, that tlie forms are due to certain conditions
of the wind, and that it is built U[) by aggregations ot
minute specilia of ice, the condi'iisation of vapor at an
extremely low temperature. Doubtless electricity plays
an important part in the work, as it is only with westerly
winds that it forms.

At a higher temperature than that necessary for the
frost formation, ice ujakes on the rocks and surface of the

45

snow, a solid bine ice. This disappears during high
north-west gales as the cold, dry N. W. wind, full of
positive electricity sweeps over the mountains. Late in
December a singular ice formation was discovered. I
have searched meteorological works for a description, but
have not yet found whetiier it is known or not. It is a
transparent ice on the surface of rocks : cellular in struc-
ture, the cells mainly hexagonal, some triangular and a
few of an indefinal)le form. The cells averaged about
.25 inches in depth l)y .15 to .20 of an inch in breath.

To sum u[) results, we may add that mountain observa-
tories are of the highest importance in the elucidation
of climatological proI)lems. The advantages secured
are of direct, practical l)enelit in the daily forecasts of
storms. Let the signal OfKce establish them, wherever
practicable, throughout the countr}', and meteorology will
be advanced shortly to the dignity of a science, a claim
hardly compatible with the facts at the present time.

After Mr. Xclson had concluded the reading of his
interesting communication, the following votes were unan-
imously ado[)ted : —

Voted, That the Secretary be requested to tender to
Hon. eludge Putnam of the 8u[)eri'>r Court, the thanks of
the Essex Institute for his interesting and instructive lec-
ture delivered at our last meeting, giving a very vivid and
graphic account of his visit to 01)er-ammergau during the
performance of the Passion Play in the summer of lt>71.

Voted, That the Secretary be requested to transmit to
Mr. S. A. Nelson of Georgetown the thanks of the Essex
Institute for his interesting communication, giving a clcai"
and succinct account of the results of the meteorological
observations made during a residence on the top of Moimt
Washington in the winter of 1870-71.

Adjourned.

46

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18th, 1872.

The President in the chair. Eecords of preceding
meeting rejid.

The Secretary anuonncecl the foHowing correspon-
dence : —
f

From^Pennsylvania Historical Sofiety, Mch.7; Charles G. Abbott, Trenton. X. J.,
Mch. 15; J. M. Caller, Salem, Mcli. 14; Henry Cook, Boston, March 11; Robert
Howell, Nichols, Tioga Co.. N. Y., Feb. 7; E. M. Stone, Providence, R. I., Mch. 12;
William H. Yeomans, Columbia, Conn., Marcli i.

The LiBiJARiAN announced the following additions : —

By Donation.

Abbott, C. C, of Trenton, N. J. The Works of Tliomas Challdey. 1 vol. 8vo.
Phila. 174i). Printed by B. Franklin & D. Hall.

Amekicax Philological Association-. Proceeding? of t!ie Tliird Annual
Session held at New Haven, Conn., July, 1871. Svo iiampli.

BOLLES, E. C. Address by Rob't B. Fairburn in Hartford, Conn., July 1-2, 1871.
Svo panipli. Assay of Gold and Silver by Thomas M. Blossom. 12mo iianiph.

Bl'TLEK, B. F., M. C. Frelinghuysen's Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 20, 1872.

FooTE, Caleb. Files of several County papers for Jan., Feb., Mch.. 1872.

Greex, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pampldets, 11.

IVE.s, Mits. Be\,t. H. True Chri-tian Ueligion. 1 vol. Svo. Boston. 183.>. New
Jerusalem Magazine. 2 vols. Svo. Boston. 18.35-4. Liberal Preacher. 1 vol. Svo.
Sermons by Rev. .\. Bancroft. 1 vol. Svo. Worcester. 1822. American Journal
of Geology and Natural Science. 1831. 1 vol. Svo. Analogy of Religion. 1 vol.
Svo. Hartford. 1S19. Bible News. 1 vol. Svo. Boston. 1812. Worshi)) and
Love of God. 1 vol. 12mo. Naturalists' Pocket Book. 1 vol. 12mo. Unitarian Mis-
cellany. lvol.l2mo. Insect Architecture. 1 vol. 16mo. Insect Tran.sformation. 1
vol. IGmo. Formation of the Christian Character. 1 vol. 18mo. Times of the
Saviour. 1 vol. Kimo. Christian Jlonitor. 1 vol. ISmo. Alphabet of Insects. 1
vol. ISmo. History of Insects. 1 vol. Ifimo. New Church Doctrine. 1 vol. 12ni<>.
The Pursuit of Knowledge. 1 vol. 12ino.

Packaim). a. S., Jk. The Development of LImulus Polyphemus by donor.

Riches, \V. S., of Columbus, Ohio. Cincinnati Directories lor 18.")7-8. 2 vols. Svo.
Ohio .State Register. l.s.")7. 1 vol. Svo. C. C. C. and I. It. R. (Jazelteer. 1870-1. 1
vtd. 8\"«). Columbus Directories, 18.").'). 18;i7-8, lS'>!)-70.

St.vi'e Board oe Health oe Massachusetts. Tliird Annual Uei)ort. Jan.
1S72. Svo pamph.

Si-.MXEU, Chaules, of U. S. .Senate. Si)eech of, in U. S. Senate. Feb. 28, l!^72.

U. S. LiBUAUV OE CoxGKES.s. Catalogue of Books added to the Library of
Congress in 1870. 1 vol. 4to. Congressional Directory, 42d Congress, 2d Session.
Svo pamph.

Yeomans, W\i. II., of Colnmbia, Conn. I'ul)lic and Private Acts and Uesolu-
tions of Conn, for Is<(2-I8(i4. Mi^cellancou - pamphlets, 48.

47

By Exchanfje.

Amekicax Antiqi'arias Society, Worcester. Proceertings of, Oct. 21, 1871.
No. 57. 8vo panijih.

Kew Jeusey Historical Society. Proceedingrs of, Yol. II. No. 4. 1871.

New Yoijiv Lyceum of NATinjAr. History. Annuls of. Vol. X., Nos. 4-.">.

PuULisiiEUS. American Naturalist, (.'liristiau 'VVorlcl. Gardiier'.s Montlily.
Gloucester Telejn"iph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Clironicle. Essex County
Mercury. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Ti-anscript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Mag-
azine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Sothe-
ran's Catalogue. Western Lancet.

ESSEX COUNTY SPIDERS.

J. II. Emerton exhibited his collection of spiders from

the neighborhood of Salem and gave a general account

of the classification of spiders, illustrated by sketches of

some of our common species. The collection contained

some eight hundred specimens, representing one hundred

and sixty species of the following suborders : —

Orbitelarise (round web spiders) 29 species.
Retitelarise (net spiders) 33 "

Tiibitelarise (tube spiders) 43 "

Citig-radae (wolf spiders) 19 "

SaltigradiB (jumping spiders) 20 "
Laterigradte (crab spiders) 16 "

The Orbitelarins were represented by the large black
and yellow Epeira rqoaria Hentz, one of our most con-
spicuous spiders which can hardly escape the notice of
any one who goes into the country in August, by Epeira
vuhjarls, the brown and gray spider, Avhich spins round
webs everywhere about our yards and barns, Epeira tri-
folhim, one of our largest Epeiras, with round purple
abdomen marked with white spots, and the less familiar
species with thorny and odd shaped abdomens, Epeira'
siellaia and spiinea.

Among the Retitelaria) were Theridion vulgare Hentz,
perhaps the most common of all onr house spiders whose
webs occupy the corners of our rooms at all. seasons, and

48

our common LinypJiia marmarata, L. communis, and L.
costcda, conspicuous by their bright colors and curious and
complicated webs.

Of the Tubitelarise perhaps the most familiar was the
common Agelena naevia Hentz, whose webs are seen on
dewy mornings almost covering the grass in our fields,
each web sloping toward a tube in which the spider waits.

Among the Citigradaa were some specimens of Lycosa
CaroUnensis Hentz, the largest of the group, whose feet
extend over three inches. One of these was caught in
Saugus and another in Andover.

The SaltigradfB were represented by our little gray
jumping spider, Ejyiblemum faustum Hentz, which is
seen on walls in the sunshine running with equal facility
backward, forward or sideways, and our h\rge gray Attus
which may be found at almost any season, in thick white
cocoons under stones.

The Laterigradi* included the large white Thomisus

fartus Hentz, which lives on flowers in gardens and is

often brought into the house upon them, and the dingy

gray Thomisus vulgaris Hentz, so common on fences,

where it can hardly be distinguished from uni)ainted wood.

The collection was arranged in tube bottles which were
pinned by the corks in trays.

Regular Meeting, Monday, ArniL 1st, 1872.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The Secuetauv announced the following additional
correspondence : —

49

From ITeniy A. Brcefl. Lynn. Mch. 20; J. J. H. Gregory, Marblcliead, Mcli. 20:
J. C. Holmes. Detroit. Mich.. March 18; Yeonians. William II.. Columbia. Conn..
March 22; Augsburg Naturhistorischcr Verein, Dec. i; Uern, Die Xaturforscliemle
Gesellschaft. Dec; Boston Public Lil)rary. March 18, 22; Cincinnati Public
Library, Jlch. 20, 27; Konigsberg, Physikalisch occonomische Gesellschalt. Dec.
10; Lisboune, Academic lloyale dcs Sciences. Oct. .5; Mans, Soci(5te d' Agriculture
Sciences et Arts. Nov. 20; Neuchatel. Society des Sciences Naturelles, Nov. 24;
Wien. Kai.~erliclie Akadcmie. des Wisseuschaften, Jan'y 7; Zurich, Xaturfor-
schendc Gesellschaft. Aug. IS.

The LiBRARi.vx reported the following additions : —

Bij Donation.

BOLLES. E. C. Address of J. A. Bolles. L.L.D., delivered at the fiftieth Annual
Commencement of the National Medical College, Mch. 7. 1872.

Brooks, Hexuy M. Tristram Shandy, 3 vols. lOmo. Vicar of Wakefield, 1 vol.
16mo. ^Management of the Tongue. 1 vol. lOmo. Poetical Works of Oliver Gold-
smith, 1 vol. lijmo. llistoire de Charles XII. 1 vol. Ifinio. Federal Calculator, 1 vol.
12mo. Triumiihs of Temper. 1 vol. 16mo. Trials of a School Girl, 1 vol. IGmo.
Handbook i Takling. 1 vol. 12mo. Prophecy of Dante, 1 vol. IGmo. Lara, 1 vol.
IGmo. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 12.

BUTLEIJ. n. F.. of U. S. II. U. Carpenter's Speech in U. S. Sen.. Feb. 29. 1872.
Report of the Department of Agi-iculture for Feb., 1872. Harlan's Speech in U. S.
Sen.. Feb. 28. 1872.

Cabot, Joseph S. American Turf Register, 9 vols. 8vo. Scriptores Romani,
21 vols. 12mo. Southern Review, 5 vols. 8vo. New York Review, 8 vols. 8vo.
Mass. Register & U. S. Calendar, 1808-1838, .35 vols. 16mo. Universal Magazine, 3
vols. 8vo. Henry's Chemistry. 2 vols. 12mo. Stewart on the Mind, 1 vol. Svo.
Southern Review, .5 nos. Ncav York Review, 4 nos.

Deiwrtmext (jf Tire Interior, Washington, D. C. Statistics of Population.
Ninth Census. 1870. Tables I-VIII. 1 vol. 4to.

HoE.MES, John C, of Detroit. Midi. Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of
Water Commissioners of Detroit for 1871.

Levette. G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Geological Survey of Indiana by E. T.
Cox. 1 vol. Svo.

Little. BRO^\'^' & Co., of Boston. Divinity of Christ. 1 vol. IGmo. Boston, 1872.

Ne.vl. Tiieo. a. Fleet's Almanack, 1792. I vol. IGmo. Postes de France, 1785.
1 vol. IGmo.

Secret.\kv of State of Mass. Mass. Public Documents for 1870, 4 vols. 8vo.
Acts and Resolves of Mass. passed in 1871. 1 vol. Svo.

UxKxowx. Annual Report of the Selectmen of Wenham. Y'ear ending Feb.
16. 1872. Annual Report of the School Committee of Wenham. Y'ear ending Mch.,
1872. '

Woodman. Cyrus, of Cambridge. Records of the Proprietors of Narraganset
Township, No. I (now the Town of Buxton), 1733-1811. 1vol. Svo. Privately printed.

By Exchange.

Akciiiv der Anthropoeogie (Hrsg V. A. Ecker, L. Lindenschmit) in Braun-
schweig. Band V, Heft 1. 4to pamph. 1871.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie. Tome .\i. No. 4.

INSTITUT National Genevois in GenJive. Bulletin, No. 35, Vol. xvi, pp.225
385. 1870.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 7

50

KOVtGLTCH PIIVSIK.Vr.tSCH-OKONOMISCHE GESELLSCIIAFT IN KoXIGSBERG.

Scliriften. 18!iO-1870. inc. 1(J paniplilets. 4to.

Mass. Agricultukal College, Amheist. Xiath Annual Report of the Trus-
tees of. Jan., 1872.

IMiNNESOTA HiSTOKiCAL SOCIETY. Annual Repovt of, 1871.

Naitrfokschexde Gesellschaft IN" Bern. Mittlu'ilungcn, No. 711-744, 1871.

Natl'rforsciiende Gesellschaft in Freiisurg. Foitschrift Iieiau.-^gegeben
ziir Feier des fUiifzig jahrigen Jubliliiuni.s.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich. Vierteljnhrsschrift. Jahrg. xv.

1870. 4 paniplilets. lime.

Naturiiistorischer Verein in Augsburg. Berieht, 1871.
Physikaliscii-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzhurg. Veihandlimgen
None Folge. ii Band, .3 Heft.
SociETl?: D'ACCLIMATION. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome viii. 2nie. Sdrie Jan.-Xov.,

1871. 6 panii)hlets, 8vo. La Production Aniniale et Vegetale, Svo panipli. .
SociETE DES Sciences Xaturelles in Neuchatel. Bulletin, Tome ix, ler

Caliier.

Publishers. American Chemist. Essex County i^Iercury. Gloucci^ter Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Little
Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

Mr. James Kimball read a copy of a contract, which
he had found among the county records, between an inhab-
itant of Salem and the town of Sayl)rook, Conn., the for-
mer to furnish the latter with a pair of colors for the mil-
itary com[)any of the town in 1G75.

Thes presents witness y* I, Samuel Crampton of Salem,
doe inpfage to furnish y*^ towne of Saybrook, in y*" county
of New London, with a pr of collures Htt for y^ company ;
of dtibble sarsnet, red, with a white Held to shew the red
cross; a flao; staf and tassells sutablc. To be sent the
first opportunity after the first of May next, & njioii
y^recei[)t whereof wee, whose names are underwritten, doe
ingage to i)ay unto y^ sd Samuel Crampton, or his order,
the sum of five pounds in pease & rye at three shillings
per bushel, provided y^ y*^ sd collures be of y^' sd "kind,
one & three quarters on y^ staft*, two yds. & one quarter
florish, with a blew ball in y*^ sd collures, which sd pai-
ment is to be made at or before the first day of Oct. next
insuing y'^' date hearof, as witness our hands this 30th
JNIarch, 1G75.

AViLLIAM Pn.VTT,

N Abraham Po.st.

51

I untlerwritton doe bind myselfe & heires to pay or
cause to be paid to Samuel Cranii)ton of Salem or his
assigns the just sum of" four pounds & Six pence in pailes
at 10s. a dozen, t^- half bushels at 20s. per dozen, to be
delivered at ]\Iiddleton at y^" landina* place by Goodman
Seaseaire at or before the last of Sept. after y'' date herof.

March 27, 1()75.

John Willock.

I underwritten bind myselfe & heires to pay Samuel
Crampton of Salem six bushels & one half of indian corue
to be delivered at Wetherslield landina" place at or before,
&c. March 24, 1675.

Samuel Butler.

Nathaniel Graye also binds himself to pay the same as
Samuel Butler.

Entered as a memorandum or caution per me Hillard
Vercu, Recorder, this 28 d. 8 mo., :76.
Reg. Deeds, Book 4, Leaf 414.

The red cross with Avhich this banner was to be pro-
vided called up the story of Endicott and the red cross
as graphically related by Hawtliorne in his "Twice Told
Tales," — the act of Endicott, in tearing the cross from
the banner, showing his republican instinct was bold and
defiant. The ^Massachusetts Records were also quoted,
showing the action of the General Court then held at
"Xew Towne," censuring Endicott for his act, and pro-
hibiting him from holding office for a year. He protested
against the action, and it w;is then voted that he be com-
mitted for contempt in protesting ; but, upon an acknowl-
edgment of his offence, he was dismissed. These records
constitute the foundation of Hawthorne's graphic story.
It was that spirit of. liberty which was abroad in Massa-
chusetts and which, from time to time, thus .cropped out.

52

that caused, at the hands of the mother countiy, the
inil)()sili()ii of those oaths of allegiance required of all
judicial officers, sheriffs and other officials in the provin-
cial period of our history. The following were read, as
illustrations of the same : —

OATHS APPOINTED TO P>E TAKEN INSTE.VD OF THE OATHS OF
AELEGIANCE AND SUPREMACY: AND DECLAPtATION.

I A. B. Do sincerely Promise and Swear, That I will
be faithful and hear true Allegiance to His Majesty
KING GEORGE.

So Help me GOD .

I A. B. Do Swear, That I do from my Heart, abhor,
detest and abjure as Impious and Heretical, that damnable
Doctrine and Position, that Princes Excommunicated, or
deprived by the Pope or any Authority of the See of
Rome, may be Deposed or Murthered by their Sul)jects,
or any other whatsoever ; And I do declare that no For-
ein Prince, Person, Prelate, State or Potentate, hath or
ought to have any Jurisdiction, Power, Superiority, Pre-
eminence or Authoritv, Ecclesiastical or Spiritual, within
the Kealm of GREAT BRITAIN.

So Help me GOB.

I A. B. Do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of
GOD, Profess, Testify and Declare, That I do believe
that in the Sacrament of the LORDS SUPPER, there is
not any Transubstantiation of the Elements of Bread and
^Yine into the Bodij and Blood of CHRIST, at or nftcr
the Consecration thereof by any Person whatsoever : And
that the Invocation or Adoration of the Virgin Mari/, or
any other Saint, and the Saci'itice of the 3I(iss, as they
are now used in the Church of Rome, arc Superstitious
and Idolatrous. And I do solenndy in the Presence of
GOD, Profess, Testify and Decliire, Tliat I do make this
Declaration and every part thereof, in the ])l,iin :ind ordi-
nary sense of^ the Words Read unto me, as they are com-

53

moiily uiulorstood by Enr/Jii^h Protestants, ^vitllollt niiy
Evat^ion, Kcniivocation or mental Ixescivation wliatsocvcr ;
and witlionl any Dispensation already granted me for this
purpose by the Pope or any Authority or Person whatso-
ever; or without any Hope of any sueh Dispensation
from any Authority or Person whatsoever, or without
Thinkino; that I am or can be aecinitted before GOD or
]\Ian, or absolved of this Declaration or any Part thereof,
although the Pope or any other Person or Persons or
Power whatsoever, should dispense. Avith or annul the
same, or declare that it was null and void from the besfiu-
nuig.

Jos. AVOLCOT.

SALE3I, y*' 2Gth of March, 1722.
Josiah "Wolcot, Esq., personally appearing, took the
several Oaths f)f Allegiance & Supremacy & subscribed
the above Declaration with the Oath of Abjuration. And
also was sworn to the due performance of his office of
one of the Justices of his Maj'tys Peise & Court of
Comon Pleas for the County of Essex. Taken before us,

John Turner, \ ''^ ^''"^ ^^=*J^^^^^' * C*^^>"^^^'

Theophilus Burrill.
Jurat the 21st day of May, 1722.

T. ,. BeNJ. LyNDE, > ^ , . Ttr • i j /-i m

Before us, ^^^^ Turner, \ "^ ^^^* ^lajesty's Council.

Wm. Gedney.
Salem, Essex, ss.

Jurat the 19th day of July, 1722.

Cor, Bex.t. Lynde, > <• , • ^r • ^- » /-. -i
John Turner, \ ''^ ^^'^ Majesty s Councd.

John Williams.

Essex, s^, Salem, the 7th of Aug't, 1722.
]Mr. John AVilliams personally appearing took the sev-
eral Oaths & Declarations above, with the Oath of AI>ju-

54

ration & was also Sworn to his Office of Deputy SlierilT
of the County of Essex.

,-, ,. Bi:xj. Lyndk, , t- 1 • Ai • + ' n

Betore us, x t^ . <Ji ^^^^ AiMiostv s L-o

' John Iukneh, ^ ''

ouncii

I A. B. Do truly niid sincerely Acknowledge, Profess,
Test! tie and Declare in my Conscience, before GOD and
the World, That Our .Sovereign Lord KING GEORGE
is Lawful and Kightful KING of the Realm of Great
BrUahi and of all other His Majesties Dominions and
Countries thereunto belonging; ( And I do solenudy and
sincerely Declare, That I do believe in my Conscience,
that the Person pretended to be Prince of Wales during
the Life of the Late- King James^ and since his decease
*|jretending to be, and taking upon himself the Stile and
Title of King of Ewjhind, by the name of James the
Third, hath not any Right or Title whatsoever to the
Crown of the Realm of Great Britain, or any other the
Dominions there-to belonging ; And 1 do Renounce, Re-
fuse and AI)jure any Allegiance or Obedience to him. )
And I do Swear, That I will bear Faith and true Alle-
giance to KING GEORGE, and Ilini will Defend to
the utmost of my Power, against all Traiterons Conspira-
cies and Attempts whatsoever against His Person, Crown,*
or Dignity ; And I will do my utmost endeavor to dis-
close or make know^n to His Majesty and His Successors,
all Treasons and Traiterons Conspiracies which I shall
know to be against Him or any of them ; And I do faith-
fully promise to the utmost of my Power, to Support,
Maintain and Defend the Limitation and Succession of
the Crown ( against him the said James, and all other
Persons whatsoever ) as the same ( by an Act, Intituled,
An Act for the farther Limifation of the Grown, and
belter Securing the Ri'jhts and Liberties of the Subject)
is and stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Eleclress
and Dutchess-Dowager of Jlanover, and the Heirs of Her
Body, l)eing Protestants. And all these Things I do
plainly and sincerely Acknowledge* and Swear, according
to these express words by me Spoken, and acconling to
the Plain an(b Connnon Sense and rnderstanding of the

55

same "Words, without any Equivocation, .McMital Evasion,
or Secret Reservation Avliatsoever. And I do make this
Kecoirnition, Acknowledunieiit, Abjuration, Ixenunciation
and Promise, Heartily, Willingly and Truely, upon the
true Faith of a Cb.ristian.

So Help me GOD.

Jos. WOLCOT.

Capt. the 2(): of March, 17l^2.

Cor. Bex.t. Lynde, ) c \ • ^t - * ^ n i

T rp > or his .Maiestv s Council.

JOHX i UKNKIl. 5

Theopiiilus Burkill.
Jurat the 21th day of May, 1722.

^ r. Bexj. Lyxde, ; ,. , . ,, . , , ^ ., .

Before us, t t ? "i 1^'s Maiesty s Council.

' JOHX lUlEXER, 5 -^ -^

Wm. Gedxey.

Essex, ss, Salem, 19th of July, 1722.

Jurat, Cor.

Bexj. Lyxde, } p i • ^t • . , r^ .,
T .p Vol his Maiestv s Counci .

JOHX lURNEK, 5

John Williams.

Essex, ss, Salem, the 7th of Aug't, 1722.

i\Ir. Jolm Williams took the above Oath before us,

Bex.t. Lyxde, ') n ^ • ^^ ■ . , r^ -i
T rp > ot his iMaiesty s Counci .

JoHX lunxER, 3 -^ "^

Mr. F. W. PuTXAM read a communication from Coiimio-
dore B. F. Sands of the United States Naval Observatory
requesting the several scientific societies to memorialize
congress for an appropriation t(; defray the expenses for a
due observation of the Transit of Venus in December,
1874.

Referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Kiml)all,
Uphani, and the chair to report at the next meeting.

Adj.

56

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1872.
President in the chaii". Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From George Derby, Boston, April 3; J. Munsell, Albany, April 6; I). Van Nos-
trand. New York. April 8; Baltimore, Peabody Iii.-titute, April 4; Boston Public
Library, April 2; Buffalo Hittoi-ical Society, April ;J; Cincinnati Public Library,
April;}, 4; Minnesota Historical Society, April i); New Jersey Historical Society,
Mcli. 30; New York T.yceiim of Natural History, April 8; Ohio IIistori(;al and Phil-
osophical Society, April 5.

The Librarian reported tlie following additions : —
• By Donation.

Board OF Public Charities, Phila., Penn. Second Annual Report, 1871. 1
vol. 8vo.

Department of the Interior, Washington, I). C. Statistics of Weaua, Tax-
ation and Public Indebtedness. 4to panipli. 1871.

FOSTEU, John, Boston. History of the Foster Family, of Ipswich. 1 vol. 8vo.

Gakfikld, J. A., ISI. C. Sniitlisonian Report, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.

MUXSELL, Joel, of Albany, N. Y. Chips for tlie Chimney Corner. 1 vol. lOmo.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28.

Office of the Chief of Exgineers, U. S. A. Report of the Chief of Engi-
neers, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo.

Parker, Wm. B. A Golden Chaine, or the Description of Theologie. 1 vol. 4to
London. 103.5.

Pe.vijouv Lirrary, of Georgetown, Mass. Report of the Trustees, 1872.

Pkiiky, Rev. W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Papers relating to tlie History of tlie
Church of Penn^ylvania, 1080-1778. 1 vol. 4to. Privately printed.

SHicri'AKD. John H., Boston. Sketch of Commodore Sam'l Tucker and Descrip-
tion of tlie New Masonic Temple in Bo.-ton. 8vo pamph. 1872.

By Exchange.

Alrany Institute. Pioceedings of the. Vol. i, Pt. H. 1871.

Bosro.v Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xiv, sigs. 8-14.

HiSTOUICAL AXl) PllILO.SOl'HICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO. Jourual. Vol. i, Pt. I. 1872.

New England Historical and ciENEALOGiCAL Society. Register and Jour-
nal for April, 1872.

New Jersey HiSTOUICAL Society. Collections of. Vol. 7. 1 vol. 8vo. 1872.

New Voiuv Genealogical and Biogr.\1'Hical Society. Cieuealogical and
Biographical Record for Apr., 1872.

Veumont State Lihuaky. Transactions of t!ie Vermont Dairymen's .\ssocia-
tion, 1870-1.

PunLisHERS. American Naturalist. Cliristian World. Gardener's Monthly.
Gloucester Telegrapli. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. L;ind and Water.
Lawrence American. Little (Jianl. l.,ynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical
and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., Mat, 1872. No. 5.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Siujfle Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1872.

[ Con tinned .]
OX THE TRANSIT OF YEXUS.

The committee to whom was referred the resolution
offered by ^Nlr. F. W. Ptituam at the last meeting of the
Institute to memorialize Congress for an appropriation to
defray the necessary expenses of observations of the
approaching Transit of Venus

REPORT

That this sul)ject has received the favorable considera-
tion of sever.-d of the European govei'nments, and prepara-
tions are being made by them for a thorough observation
of the coming Transit of Venus, whicli will occur on
December 8, 1874. In Russia, whose territory presents
many favorable points for observation of the phenomenon,
a committee, organized by Prof. Striive, has had under
^consideration, during the past two years, the establish-
ment of a chain of observers at positions one hundred
miles apart along the region between Kamtschatka and
EssKx IxsT. Bulletin. iv 8

58

the Black Sea. The principal astronomers of Germany
have held two conferences, each of several days' dura-
tion, which have resulted in a decision to furnish four
stations for heliometric observation of the planet during
its transit ; one of these will be in Japan or China, and the
others probabl}' at iNIauritius, Kerguelen's and Auckland
Islands, and some of these will also be equipped for
photographic observations. A French commission on the
subject sat before the war, and reported to the Bureau
cles Long-itudes that it was desirable for their government
to provide for observing stations at Saint Paul's Islands
and Amsterdam, Yokohama, Tahita, Noumea, Mascate
and Suez. Lately the Academy of Sciences has applied
to the Government for the requisite funds. The British
preparations are probably more advanced than those of
any other country. The astronomer royal first called
attention to the transit in 1857, and again in 1864. In
1868 he begtm to shape definite plans, selected the ob-
serving stations, and opened communications with the
Government upon the financial requirements of the under-
taking.

In view of these facts it is desirable that the United
States Congress, though having appointed a commission
at its last session, should at an early day make provision
that will enable this commission to place a corps of obser-
vers in the field, provided with suitable apparatus and
abundant means to conduct in a pro})er manner the ol)scr-
vations of this approaching transit of Venus.

It will require time to arrange the apparatus, some of
which will undoubtedly have to be made for the occasion
— conferences will be essential with the observers of
other countries, so that the plans of observation niiy be
in strict harmony with each other, and, before the j)osi-
tions are finally decided upon, the intentions of the other
nations should l)e fully known.

The ^je/'.soM«e? of the various observing expeditions
should be agreed upon and commence practice with the •
time and position instruments. At Woolwich a tempo-^
rary observatory has l)een fitted u[), with the object of
forming a ihore accessible school of observation. At the

59

several positions the erection of tcnipoi-ary observatories
will be required, and a r'esidcnce of the observers for
three or four months to ascertain the absolute local time
of the phenomenon and the exact longitude. This accord-
ingly increases the extent of [preparation .

Your committee would recommend the adoption of the
followins: memorial and resolves : —

To the Honorable Senate and House of Rejjresentatives in
Congress assembled :
The Essex Institute, an organization located at Salem,
in the State of Massachusetts, for the promotion of Sci-
ence, Literature and the Arts, respectfully menKn'ialize
your Honorable Bodies to take into consideration the pro-
priety of granting a suitable appropriation to enable the
scientific corps connected Avith the Executive Branch of
the Government, and such others as may be associated
with them, to make a thorough and accurate observation
of the approaching transit of Venus.

Resolved, That the Pi-esident and Secretary l)e author-
ized to sign the above memorial in behalf of the Essex
Institute and that the Secretary transmit the same, with a
certified copy of the doings of the Institute in relation
thereto, to the Hon. B. F. Butler, the Representative in
Congress from this district, with a request to present the
same and to use all proper means to secure a tavoral:)le
consideration of this measure.

H. Wheatland, ^

James Kimball, > Committee.

AY. P. Upham, )

ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY OF SALEM.

Ja:\ies Kimball, Esq., exhibited a map showing the
old topography of Salem and presented the results of a
careful examination of the early records of the county of
Essex, for the purpose of gleaning a class of historical

60

facts hitherto neglected, and tending to give us a clearer
insight into the early history of the first settlement at
Salem, more especially in reference to the ancient toijog-
-I'aphy of its territory, its development and adaptation to
the wants and uses of civilized life.

]Mr. Kimball has devoted considerable time in gather-
ing up and placing upon record these fragmentary portions
of our history, which, as each generation passes away, will
become more and more obscure and difficult to be deter-
mined, unless they are rendered more enduring than the
imperfect and decaying records of those early da3's, or
the failing memories of those aged persons who are fast
passing from our midst. These efforts to preserve a val-
uable department of our local history will nndouljtedly
induce others to continue the examination, so that, in the
future, we may be able to present to the historian mate-
rials for a full and perfect history of Salem, that shall be
a worthy tribute to the memories of the early settlers of
Naumkeke.

This communication, one of a series which ]Mr. Kim-
ball has in preparation, elucidating portions of our local
history, was referred to the committee on Publications to
be printed in the "Historical Collections."

A committee, consisting of Messrs. James Kimball, W.
P. Upham, Caleb Cooke, Wm. Neilson and John Robin-
son, was appointed to nominate a list of officers to be bal-
loted for, at the annual meeting.

Edward Dean of Salem was elected a resident member.

61

Regular Meetixg, ]\roNDAY, May Otii, 1872.

The President in the chair. Records of the preceding
meeting read.

The Secretary annonnced the following correspon-
dence : —

From B. F. Biitlef, "Waphingrton, April 28; R. Planning Chiiiman, Lisbon. Conn-
April 9; C. H. Goss, Salem, April 18; J. D. VT. French, Boston, April 26; J. Mun-
scll, Albanj-, X. Y., April 23. 30; The Nation, New York, April 18; L. R. Stone,
Newton. April; Americau Geographical Society. April 9, 19; Cincinnati Public
Library, April 19, 21; St. Petersburg. Societe Efttomologie c\e Russie. Feb. 23;
Wasliiugton, Smithsonian Institution, April 24, 29.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BorxES, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

Butler, B. F., M. C. Moore's Speech in U. S. H. R.. April G, 1872. Sawyer's
Speech in U. S. Sen., April 17, 1872. Sargeut's Speech in U. S. H. R., April 18. 1872.

FOLGER, Wm. C, of Hyighani, Mass. Miscellaneous Town Reports. C.

FOOTE, C.\LEn. Files of several County papers for Feb., Mch., Apr., 1872.

Gould, Jons H., of Topsficld. Crusii Moral, 1 vol. Timo. Leipsic, 1744. Tri-
bune Almanacs. 8 nos. American Almanacs. 4 nos. Les Comedies de Terence.
1 vol. Kimo. Halle. 1720.

H.VYDEX. Br. F. V. List of Elevations and Distances west of the Mississippi
River. 12mo pamph.

KxiGHT. B. Locke's Essays. 1 vol. 8vo. Campbell on Rhetoric. 2 vols. 8vo.
Cousins' Psychology. 1 vol. 12 mo. Macy's Exploration of the Red River. 1vol.
8vo. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. 1vol. 8vo. Report of the President and
Directors of the Pitt.'^burgh & Boston Mining Company. Jan.. 1849. 1 vol. 12mo.
Report of tlie Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey for 18.i3. 1 vol. 4to.

Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin, Mch. 30, April 13, 20. May 4, 1872.

Manxixg, Robert. Missionarj^ Herald. 128 nos. Home Missionary Journal.
41 nos. New England Farmers and Gardeners' Journal. 208 nos.

Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 10.

Peabodv. Mrs. Fk.\xcis. Journal of the American Unitarian Association.
37 nos. Every Saturday, 18 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27.

Perry. Rev. W. S. of Geneva, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6.

Stoxe, Hexry, Wa.shington. D. C. Laws of Philadelphia. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila.
18S0. Laws and Ordinances of Boston. 18.5(5, 1 vol. 8vo. Ordinances of Baltimore, .
1&58, 1 vol. 8vo. Corporation Ordinances of New York. 18.59, 1 vol. 8vo. Statute
Laws of Louisville, 1857, 1 vol. 8vo. Revised Charter of Buffalo. 18.5G, 1 vol. 8vo.
Laws and Ordinances of Cincinnati, 18.59, 1 vol. 8vo. Acts of Tennessee, 1865,
18a5-e. lSfi7-8. 1868-9, 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Journal of Tennessee, 18a5-rt, 1868-9, 2
vols.,8vo. House Journal. 1805, 1868-9.2 vols.. 8vo. Journal of the Assembly of
Ne\vfoundland, 1868, 1 vol. 4to. Laws of North Carolina and Tennessee, 18.50, 1 vol.
12mo. Laws of Nashville, 1860, 18G5, 2 vols. 12mo. Ordinances, of Richmond. 1859

62

1 vol. 12mo. Xashville Directories 1855-C, 1857, 1850, 3 vols. 12mo., 18G5, 1806, 1837.
18C8, 1869, 5 vols. 8vo. rditical Text Book, 1860, 1 vol. 8vo. American Museum,
1 vol. 8vo. Directory of New York, 1866. 1 vol. 8vo. Memoir of H. L. White,
1 vol. 8vo. Pitkin on Commerce. 1 vol. ]2mo. Directories of Cities in the Wett
and South, 1867-8. 1 vol. 4to. History of England. 1 vol. 8vo. Biography of
.Sam'l Lewis. 1vol. 12mo. The Heavenly Pathway. 1 vol. 12iho. How to get a
Farm. 1 vol. 12mo. Ten Acres Enough. 1 vol. 12mo. Bayonet Exercises for the
Army. 1 vol. 12mo. Genealogy of the Mudge Family, 1638-1868. 1 vol. 8vo. Con-
stitutional Convention. 1vol. 8vo. Bankers' Magazine, 1851-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Smith-
.•^onian Reports, 1865, 18G6. 2vols. 8vo. Patent Ollice Reports. 1851-2, 1865. 2 vols.
Svo. Department of Agriculture, 1867. 1 vol. 8vo. Memphis Eiots, 1866. 1 vol.
Svo. Miscellaneous pampldcts, 50.
SUMNEK Chas., Of U. S. S. Two Protests of C. Sumner. Mch. 26, 27, 1872. 8vo.

By Exchange.

Cixcixx.\Ti Public Library* Geological Survey of Ohio for 1870. 1 vol. Svo.

Historical Society of Penxsylvaxia. Discourse on the Inauguration of the
Xew Hall, Mch. 11, 1872, by John W. Wallace. 8vo pamph.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Essex County
Mercury. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Clironicle. Land
& AVater. LtXwrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press.
Quarritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Western Lancet. '

ANCESTRY OF SUSANNAH INGERSOLL.

The President read extracts from a» nianuscript ser-
mon of the E.ev. Dr. William Beiitley of the East Church,
Salem, whicii was delivered in December, 1811, on the
occasion of the death of Mrs. Susannah Ingersoll, pre-
senting a veiy graphic yet brief notice of the ancestry of
the deceased in the line of descent from Eichard Hollings-
worth, one of the primitive settlers, — son William IIol-
lingsworth, daughter Mary, the wife of Philip English,
daughter Susannah, who married John Touzell, daughter
Susannah, the wife of John Ilathorne and mother of the
subject of this notice. For a more extended account see
"Hi.st. Coll. of Essex In.stitute," Vol. xi, page 228.

THE FAIRFAX AND IIATIIORNE HOUSE.

Reference was made by the President to the old house
on the corner of Essex and Cambridge streets, in process
of being taken down to erect on its site a more elegant
structure. The original part of this house was built about

63

1685 l)y Benjamin Marston, the land having been pur-
chased, some live years previous, of Jonathan Nealc, who
received it by inheritance, l)eing an heir to the estate of
Francis Lawes.*

Mr. Marston sold the estate, Feb. 24, 1701-2, to James
Menzies,! formerly of Boston, then of Salem, who after-
wards conveyed it to Philip English, and Philip English,
July 25, 1724, to his daughter Susannah, the wife of
John Touzcll;:!: and from her it passed to her daughter
Mary, the wife of William Ilathorne, and for many years
it was in the possession of that family, and known as the
Plathorne House. The original part is about fifteen feet
from the street. Additions have been made from time to
time, — lirst, a two story store on the western part of the
front, and afterwards, within the remembrance of several
now living, that on the eastern part, three stories in
height ; at the same time the first addition was made of
the same height. In the takiui:: down of this interesting
relic of the olden times, the various alterations and addi-
tions were traced from the original with its projecting
second story, and lean-to in the rear, to the building as
we last beheld it. With this, as with many of our old
houses, interesting associations are connected. In this
house § lived William Fairfax, during his residence in

* See Essex Reg. Deeds, Book i2. fol. 25!;.

t See Essex Reg. Deeds, Book 1.5, fol. 51.

t See Bulletin of Essex lustitute. Vol. 1, page 7.5. Essex Reg. Deeds. Book .5, fol.
28.3.

§Tlie following deposition from the manuscripts on file in the Library of the In-
stitute conlirms this tradition: —

'•Tlie Deposition of Cliristian Swasey, formerly Christian Legroe wlio Saith That ,
about live years ago slie Lived witli Capt. Jolm Touzell and Susanna his wife in
tlie House Mr. Fairfax now dwells in in Salem, and that Mr. Phillip English, tlie
Fatlier of t!ie said Susannah Then dwelt with Them in said House, and That She
Then & Tliere att Diverse Times heard tlie said Pliillip English Say to his Daugh-
ter Susannah Touzell I give you all my Household goods and att Several Times
when he said So He also bid Her fetch it up Every Thmg from his House to Her
Hou.-e, To which She Replied She had not House Room Enough U> Hold it and

64

Salem as collector of the port. William Fairfax, son of
Henry Fairfax and grandson of Henry, the fourth Lord
Fairfax, "was born in IGDl. He served in the British
army, and was stationed for a time at St. Helena, and
subsequently at the Bahamas, where he married Sarah,
daughter of Major Walker, and was appointed Chief
Justice of the Island. About the year 1725, on account
of the imhealthiness of the climate, he removed to New
England, having received the appointment of collector
of customs of this port. In 1731 his wife died, leaving
him four children, one of whom, Anne, born in Salem,
married Lawrence Washington and afterwards George
Lee. William Fairfax subsequently married Deborah
Clark, daughter of Francis and Deborah (Gedne}'') Clark,
of Salem. In 1734 he accepted the ofier, to be the super-
intendent of the estates, of his cousin Thomas, the sixth
Lord Fairfax, who had become the proprietor of the
northern neck of Virginia, through his mother, Avho was
Catherine, daughter of Lord Culpepper. He soon after
removed from Salem, and at first took up his residence in
Westmoreland County, but subsequently removed to a
plantation called Bolvoir, fourteen miles below Alexan-
dria. He was collector of his majesty's customs for the
South Potomac, and for some time President of the
Council of Virginia. He died Sept. 3, 1757, aged sixt}--

Tliat about four years Since They all removed Down to tlie House ■\vliore Tliey
now Live, and Tliat slic olten Times since Ikis lie:iv<l the said En;j:lisli Say Ue liad
Given all his Household Goods to his Daus'hter Tou/.ell I'or lier and her (Jhihlrcn.

The Mark.
ClIKISTIAN X SWASEV.

Essex, 88. Salem, An;?. 2, 17;i-2.

Then Christian Swascy made oath to the truth of the nforefroinji Deposition
(I'hillip lOiif^-lish. jun., and Wm. Browne heinj; present at the Ca)ition wlio objected
tliat their Father Mr. I'liillip Kuf^hsli .Sen. liatli not for these several ye:irs jiast
been of a sound and l)isi)oseing mind) and this evidencp is Taken to be in I'eipet-

IJkx.j. Lvndk.
JJk.nj. Lyndk, Jun.

Justice of ( )uoruui unus.

05

five 3'cars. Of several children l)y the second marriage,
Brvan became afterwards the eighth Lord Fairfax ; Wil-
liani died at Quebec in 1759, a lieutenant in the British
army ; and Hannah married Warner Washington, a nephew
of General Washington.

THE RATTLE OF THE IJATTLESXAKE.

^Ir. F. W. Putnam gave a description of the structure
of the horny appendage to the tail of many snakes,
especially developed in the genus of Rattlesnakes, and
controverted the idea of natural selection having anything
to do with its peculiar development. He also thought
that the supposition that the rattle was a benefit to the
snake, as a means of enticing birds, by its sound imitating
that made by the Cicada, as suggested by a writer in a
late number of the "Xaturalist," could not be accepted.
The Cicada was not a ground insect, and was comparatively
rare, even among the trees, in such localities as Ave re most
frequented by the rattlesnake. Secondly, the sound made
by the snake was very slight under ordinary circum-
stances, and the rattle was not sounded to any extent
unless the snake was disturbed b}^ some cause. His own
o])servations on these snakes, in their natural habitat, led
him to believe that it was not at all their nature to set up
a rattling for the sake of enticing birds to them, l)ut that
they would slowly and cautiously approach their victim,
or else lie in wait ready to give the fatal spring upon
anything that came near. He believed that the rattle was
in reality a detriment to the snake, except in so far as it
served to call the sexes together which, from the unsocial
habits of the species, he thought was most likely its true
function.

Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 9

66

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8th, 1872.

According to the notification, the meeting was held at
3 p. M. The President in the chair. Records read.

The annual reports of the officers and of the curators
were read and accepted, and from them the accompanying

RETROSPECT FOR THE YEAR,

exhibiting a satisfactory condition of affairs and a gradual
development of the plans and objects of the Institute,
has been compiled.

Members. Changes occur in the list of members — l)y
the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county, or b}- death.
In this connection, notices of three of our associates, who
have deceased within the year, are inserted.

W. II. A, Putnam^ son of Eben and Elizabeth (Apple-
ton) Putnam, died at Salem, Aug. 30th, 1871, in the
thirty-ninth year of his age. From the age of fourteen
until the year preceding his death he had led a sailor's
life, making many voyages to the East Indies, Europe,
Australia, and the Pacific coast of America, as master
or factor. During these voyages he collected, very
extensively, specimens in all departments of zoology,
which have greatlj''. enriched the museums at Salem and
Cambridge.

J. Willard Peele, son of Willard and Margaret (Apple-
ton) Peele, died at his seaside residence in Beverly, Sept.
2i)th, 1871, aged sixty-seven years. In early life he went
to Manila and established the house of Peele. Ilubbell vSi
Co., where he resided many years. He returned to this
country about 1845, and has since 'resided in Salem,
except duiMng the last three or four years in lioston.

67

Benjamin Cox, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Smith)
Cox, born in Salem, Jan. 9th, 1806, gratluated at Har-
vard Colleirc in 182G, studied medicine Avith Dr. A. L.
Peirson and after reeeivinjr tlie degree of M. D., estab-
lished himself in his native city, Avhere he obtained a large
practice, wiiming the attachment of those to whom he
ministered by his suavity of manners, genial disposition,
and skill in his profession. Though always interested in
passing events, he never mingled much in public life out-
side the duties of his profession. He died Nov. 30th,
1871.

21ie meetings have been continued as usual. Three Field
Meetings have been held, at Beverl}^ East Gloucester,
and Rockville in Peabody. At the meeting in Beverly,
the Wenham Pond and City Water Works were Visited
and many kind attentions were extended by the Superin-
tendent and his assistants. The cyclone or tornado, Avhich
passed over the pond and extended through a part of
Wenham on the Sunday preceding, was the sul)ject of
remarks from ]VIr. A. W. Dodge, and the results of his
observations, with the statement of Mr. D. H. Johnson,
have been printed in the Bulletin.

At the meeting in East Gloucester the citizens of the
place were very attentive, especially the Rev. Mr. Gan-
nett, the pastor of the church in which the meeting was
held; who kindly, at our suggestion, prepared a very
interesting history of the Baptist society in that place,
which has been printed in the Bulletin. Messrs. Bolles,
Johnson, Phii)pen, Emerton and others made extended
remarks suggested by the various specimens collected
during the forenoon rambles.

It was deemed proper that meetings should occasionally
be held in the vicinity of Ship Rock, Peabody, so that
the members of the Institute might have an opportunity

68

to visit this remarkable boulder, which, with an acre of
land adjacent, is the property of the Institute ; accordingly,
one was held on Wednesday, August 2d.

A cordial invitation was received to liold a meeting at
Rowley during the month of September, but owing to
peculiar and unusual circumstances it was deemed advis-
able to postpone to another season.

A special meeting was held on the evening of Sept. 5th
to listen to the reading, by Judge Lord, of his memoir on
the life and character of Mr. Huntington, ex-Presidcnt
of the Institute. This paper has been printed in the
eleventh volume of tlie "Historical Collections" and copies
have been also struck olF in a separate form. The
address was listened to with intense interest and was a
faithful and correct delineation of Mv. Huntington's char-
acter.

Evenini? mectinsfs have been held on the first and third
Monday evenings, except during the months of June, July,
August and September. The meeting on Monday, Oct.
16th, Avas devoted principally to remarks upon the great
loss which our sister institutions, the Chicago Historical
Society and the Chicago Academy of Sciences, had sus-
tainetl by the great conflagration that had devastated so
large a portion of Chicago on the 8th, 9th and 10th of
October, and in the destruction of their entire libraries
and collections. Resolutions of sympathy and proffers of
aid w^cre passed. A brief history of these Institutions
w^as presented, with some account of their condition when
visited by several members of the Institute in the month
of August preceding.

Papers or lectures have been communicated, by Dr. A.
H. Johnson, on some Mementos from the Franco-German
War; W. H. Foster, on Reminiscences of the Salem and
Boston ^tage Company; Mr. F. W. Putnam, on the

69

Ancient Fortifications on the Wabash River, Indiana, and
on the iMannnoth Cave of Kentucky and its Inliabitants ;
A. C. Goodell, Jr., a sketch of the Legishition of Mass.,
the Provincial Period, and an account of the Puritan Hol-
idays ; Rev, E. S. x\twood, on the Beuinnings and Growth
of Language; Dr. A. S. Packard, on Insects Injurious to
Vegetation noticed in this vicinity the past season ; J. J.
H. Gregory, Esq., of Marblehcad, two lectures on the
Result of his Observations (hiring a trip hy rail to Cali-
fornia, his visit to Salt Lake City, Yosemite Valley, the
Great Trees, etc. ; Hon. J. P. Putnam of the Superior
Court, a very interesting and graphic account of the
"Passion Play" at Ober-ammergau, which he witnessed in
the summer of 1871 ; Mr. S. A. Nelson, of Georgetown,
on the Meteorology of the White Mountains ; James Kim-
ball, Esq., some account of the Judicial- Oaths in the
Colonial Days in the interest of loyalty ; also, an interest-
ing sketch of the Ancient Topography of Salem. Mr.
James H. Emerton exhibited his Collection of Spiders
and explained the system of classification and other inter-
esting facts in their natural history. From others, many
short communications and brief remarks were presented.
The attendance on some of these occasions was very large,
and the su])jects under discussion elicited a great degree
of interest and attention.

It may be deemed appropriate in this connection to
allude to the lecture on Mt. Washington illustrated by
the camera, delivered at the rooms by Mr. S. A. Nelson,
and also a series of five lectures, on the Microscope and
what it shows us, by our associate. Rev. E. C. Bolles ;
these lectures were also illustrated by the lantern with the
calcium light, which were very successfully manipulated
with the assistance of ]Mr. E. Bickncll. It is to be hoped
that lectures with illustrations of this character will be

70

ijiveu during the next season. This plan has thus far
succeeded admirably in rendering the study of the sci-
ences attractive.

The library has received by donation and exchanges
1,046 bound volumes and 8,543 pamphlets, besides news-
papers, manuscripts, etc., the donations from one hundred
and ten individuals and twenty-six societies, the exchanges
from ninety-six societies and incorporated bodies, of which
sixty-four are foreign. From the editors of the "Ameri-
cau Naturalist" one hundred and eighty-seven serial pub-
lications.

It is only requisite at this time to present tliese statis-
tics, the particuhirs having been reported at the regular
meetings and printed in the Bulletin.

Mufieum. Mau}^ valua1)le additions have been made to
the department of Natural History, which have been depos-
ited with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science,
and have Ijeen acknowledged, duly cared for and properly
arranged by the officers of that Institution. The s[)eci-
mens of an historical interest and works of art are i)hiced
in Plummer Hall under the immediate superintendiMic*? of
the officers of the Institute. Those of an historical inter-
est consist of a large collection of antiquarian and histor-
ical relics; paintings and engravings of many of the old
houses, and of the persons who have in years past ijcen
prominent in our annals ; medals ; coins ; [)a[)er eurrent-y,
etc., etc. Additions continue to be miide to this dt'[)art-
ment, the collection is becoming one of great value, and
more extended accommodations nre required in order to
have it properly arranged and classiiied. The few speci-
mens of works of art, [)ossessing no special interest, ;irc
not arranged systematically, and may be regarded only as
a nucleus, around which it is desirable that, at an early

71

day, an art museum may be formed. The recent intro-
duction of drawing into our public schools, the increased
attention given to artistic studies, and a growing appreci-
ation of sivilled labor, and the large reniuneration it com-
mands, require that some efforts by the Institute should
be given in this direction. To meet these increasing
demands of the public upon our resources, may we not
reasonably expect a liberal response from members and
friendti ?

Horticultural exhibitions have been very successfully
conducted during the past season. The old zeal that,
years long since, actuated our movements in this direction,
seems to have been renewed in a younger generation
and to burn 'with an undiminished lustre. A series of
twelve exhibitions have lieen held, commencing on Mon-
day, May 2'Jth, and closing on Wednesday, November
8th, including two, opened only during the evening, for
the display of the night blooming cereus, and the annual
in Se})tember, opened to the public from Tuesday, the
19th, to Friday, the 22d. On this latter occasion, the
hall was very tastefully decorated with festoons and
wreaths of evergreens, stands and baskets of flowers;
many choice pot plants and a goodly collection of fruits
and vegetables were placed upon the tables. Contribu-
tions were received not only from those having extensive
grounds, but from many whose gardens were of limited
dimensions. The aggregate made tine exhibitions, and
varied with tlx; successive ap[)earance of those showy and
attractive objects that adorn the garden, coming and going
at regular intervals, marking with great exactness the
progress of the seasons in their animal course. The attend-
ance was large and the general interest manifested by
the visitors seemed to indicate that our humble efforts iu

72

this direction may lead to the promotion of a taste for
the eultiv%'ition of hcauliful flowers, flno fruit and choice
vegetables in this community.

Financial. The Treasurer's report shows an increase
in the annual income, yet additional means are requisite
to enable the Institute to perform in a titting manner the
various dnties which the comnumity may reas()nal)ly
expect.

DEBITS.

Athenseum, for rent and Librarian, $350.00

Salaries, 781.00; Coal, 147.'2.i i»JS.2.5

Postages, 20.44; Sundries, 55.51, 75.95

Social meetings and Excursions 772.00

Publication^, 1238.50; Bank Tax, 11.93, 12.50.43

Gas, 70.20; Express, 30.40; Insurance, 30.00 130.(i0

Collections, 6.15; Balance of last year, 3.35.77, 341.92

Balance in Treasnrj', • . . . 2.48

Historical.

J. Perl ey, for binding, 75.00

Natural History and Horiicnlture,

Exliibition season, 1870, 26.87; do. 1871, 159.78, 18(5.65

$4,113.28

CREDITS.

Dividends of \\'^ebster Bank, 20 ; Social meetings and Excursions, 1,200.4.5, $1,220.45

Hall, 123.00; Sundries, 10.25; on acc't of note, 21.15, 1.54.40

Atlienaium, proportion of coal, janitor, etc., 118.02

Publications, 428.28; Assessments, 1,278.00, 1,700.28

Historical.

Dividend Xaunikeag Bank, 24.00; Micliigan Central li. K. ilivideuds, 00.00, 84.00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Dividencb Lowell Bleacliery, 100.00; P. S. & P. R.U., 19.50, 179..50

Horticultural Exhibitions, 1871, 258.78

Davis Fund.

Coupons Burlington and Missauii Itiver Railroad Bonds 138.25

Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Ilannib.il R. K. Bjud-i 237.00

$4,113.28

BULLETIN

E1SSE2^ IlsrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., Jdne, 1872. No. 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8th, 1872.

RETROSPECT FOR THE YEAR.

[ Continued.]

Puhlications. The BAletin has been continued in
monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of the
Institute, and abstracts of papers read at the meetings ;
this makes an annual volume of some one hundred and
sixty pages and a copy of each issue is sent gratuitously
to the members. Vol. xi, No. 1, of the "Historical Col-
lections " has been printed, and another part is nearly
ready for distribution.

A fund, securely invested, the income of which to be
expended in printin"^the proceedings of the Institute, and
papers on scientific^nd historical subjects presented at
its meetings, also records, diaries, letters and other
material that will tend to elucidate our local history, is a
great desideratum, and would tend to rescue from oblivion
many interesting and valuable memorials of the olden
times.
Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 10

74

The importance of multiplying copies of nil valuable
documents, for which purpose the press is the great agent,
cannot be overestimated, and numerous citations can be
adduced in confirmation of the statement. The incidents
connected with the late great conflagration at Chicago may
suffice in this case. The Historical Society of that city
lost much that is irrecoverable ; as manuscript documents
and correspondence relative to the early history of Illinois.
In the Academy of Sciences of Chicago were lost also
the valuable manuscripts containing the results of the
Scientific work of Dr. AVilliam Stimpson for nearly twenty
years ; these were ready for the press, awaiting the action
of government to have them printed.

OFFICERS ELECTED.

for the year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in
their stead.

President.
HENRY WHEfTLAND.

Vice Presidents.

Of History — A. C. Goodell, Jr. Of Horticulture — Wm. Sutton.

0/ the Arts — Geo. rEAUouY. Of Natural Hist07-y — F. W. Putnam.

Becording and Home Secretary.

Amos H. Johnsox.

Foreign Secretary.

A. S. Pa c KARD, Jr.

Treasurer.

Henry W ii e a t l ^' d .

' Librarian.

W. P. U P II A M .

Superintendent of the dfuseum.
John Roiun so n .
Curators of Historical Department.
^ W. P. Upliain, M. A. Slickney, John Kobinson.

75

Curators of Natural History Department.
H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, William Neilson.

Curators of Department of Ilorticidiure.
R. Manning, A. F. Bosson, Wm. A. Ireland.

Curators of Department of the Arts.

James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, H. F. G. Waters.

Lecture Committee.

Jas. Kimball, Geo. Perkins, Wm. Northcj', Wm. Neilson, E. C. Bolles.

Finance Committee.

J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton.

Field Meeting Committee.

A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, A. B. Hervey.

Lihrary Committee.

J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. M. Brooks.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul, H. M. Brooks,

, G. D. Phippen.

ME^IBERS ELECTED.

Samuel Chamberlain, James E. Trask, Sidney Wins-
low and Elbridge Baker, all of Salem, were elected mem-
bers.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 20th, 1872.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. W. Buswell, Boston. May; J. J. H. Grcgorj-, Marblehciul, May 10;
Augustus Mutlge, Dan vers Centre, May 4; W. Xeilson. May 10; Wm. Xoitliey, May
13; George Peabody, May 11; M. A. Stickney, May 14; John A. Vinton, Winchester,
May 9.

76
The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BCTLER, B. F., >I. C. Ellis's Speech in U. S. H. R., Apr. 30,1872. Butler's Speech
iuU. S. H. R., Apr. 18, 1872. Report of tlie Department of Agriculture for March
and April, 1872. Dawes' Speech in U. S. H. R., May 3, 1872.

Clogstox, W., of Springfield, Mass. London Directory, 18.57, 1 vol. 12mo. Itli.
aca and Oswego Directory, 1867-8. 1 vol. l'2mo. Utica Directories, 1842-3, 1853-4,
1858-9. 1861-2, 1867-8. 5 vols. 12nio. Oneida County Directory, 1866-7. 1 vol. 12mo.

Department of the Interior. Mortality of the U. S. for 1850, 18G0, 1870. 4to
paniph.

Kimball, James. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for May 11, 1872.

Manning, Robert. Amateur Cultivator's Guide. 2vols.8vo. 1869-70.

Wheatland, Stephen G. Neill & Smitli's Compendium of Medica. 1 vol. 8vo.
Hooper's Pliysicians' Vade Mecum. 1 vol. 12nio. Darwin's Origin of Species. 1
vol. 8vo. Digestion and its Derangements. 1 vol. 8vo. Watson's Practice of
Physic. 1 vol. 8vo. Bowman's Medical Cliemistry. 1 vol. 12mo. Wilde on
Diseases of the Ear. 1 vol. 8vo. Paget's Surgical Pathology. 1 vol. 8vo. Wood's
Practice of Medicine. 2 vols. 8vo. London Lancet. 1 vol. 8vo. Hunter. 1 vol.
8vo. Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology. 1 vol. 8vo. Dictionnaii-e de
Medecine. 1 vol. 8vo. Dwight's Modern Surgery. 1 vol. 8vo. Book of Prescrip.
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. The Prescriber's Complete Handbook. 1 vol. 12mo. Taylor's
Medical Jurisprudence. 1 vol. 8vo. Sargent's Minor Surgery. 1 vol. 12mo. Cop-
land's Medical Dictionary. 1vol. 8vo. Beck's Materia Meilica. 1 vol. 8vo. Wil-
son's Diseases of the Skin. 1 vol. 8vo. Mille's Practice of Surgefy. 1 vol. 8vo.
U. S. Dispensatory. 1 vol. 8vo.

Williams, Henry L. Salem Gazette, 76 nos. Boston Sliipping List, 1844. 1
vol. folio.

By Exchange.

Publishers. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardvvicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill
Gazette. Land and AV^ater. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Xation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer.

Mr. John Robinson exhibited an interesting collection
of native phmts in flower which he had gathered in this
vicinity dnring the past few days, and made some remarks
upon the same, indicating the localities, and time of
blooming, which was several weeks later the present
season than that of the average periods for some ten or
twelve previous years. The following may be specified :
Sanguinaria Canadensis, ErytJironiumAmericamim, E})i-
gcea re_pens, T/ialictrum anemonoides. Anemone nemorosa,
Thalidrum dioicum, Viola pedaia, Viola pubescens,
Viola sa^itatla, Viola blanda, Tloustonia coiridea, Arism-

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78

ma trijjhyllum. He presented the accompanying table —
containing the date of the first finding in flower, the
several species enumerated therein — compiled by one of
our enthusiastic collectors, the results of his observations
for the past fifteen years.

Mr. George D. Phippen spoke of some of the locali-
ties which he was wont to frequent, in years long past, in
search of our native plants, and which are now occupied
by dwellings or manufacturing industries. He alluded
briefly to the great change that had taken place in the
immediate suburbs of the city.

Eev. E. C. BoLLES remarked, that a day or tAvo before,
he had listened to a lecture by Prof. Asa Gra}^ on* the
Fertilization of Plants by the Agency of Insects, and
that several of the wild-flowers on the table had served as
illustrations. Among these was the Houstonia, of which
there had long been known to be two kinds of flowers.
The first had stamens })r()jecting above the dwarfed pistil,
while in the second the stigmas were carried up far l)e3ond
the anthers. The members of the Institute would see
both kinds pretty equally represented in the tufts of
flowers before them, distinguishing these by observing
that in some flowers they would see only the two stigmas,
in others only the four anthers projecting from the throat
of the corolla. So the Houstonia had been said to have
dimorpJious tlowers, but the reason for this variation had
not been understood till an explanation had been sought
in the possibility of an artificial fertilization. It was now
seen that the pollen of any Houstonia blossom did not
fertilize the ovides of the same flower. In the case of
the flowers with extruded stigmas, this could not occur
unaided, ''because the stamens were deeply sunk in the

79

corolla — while iu the other kind the pollen would not be
found to exert a fertilizing effect upon its own stigma.
But the two kinds of flowers were exquisitely arranged to
produce cross-fertilization. An insect, exploring a corolla
where the anthers were at the bottom, would cover its
proboscis with pollen, which would be carried to the
depressed stigma of the other kind of flower, and while
visiting that second flower, the insect's head would remove
some of the pollen, which again it would leave on the
exserted stigma of a third flower of the kind flrst plun-
dered. The structure of these flowers is to be explained
in Prof. Gray's book, just passing through the press,
entitled "How Plants Behave."

Mr. J. H. Emerton mentioned that in November last
he dug a root of Batrychium dissedum from an open
pasture, and in January set it down with other ferns in a
glass case. In about two months it produced a new frond
with the usual triangular outline, Ijut nearlv twice as large
as the old ones, and with the divisions of the pinna3 almost
entire. The next frond, which grew in another month,
was of the ordinary kind. It afterward produced in
succession three fronds five or six inches long, with pinnte
in pairs over an inch apart toward the base, and with their
divisions almost entire, looking very much like small
sterile fronds of Osmurida Claytoniana.

Mr. F. W. PuTXAM gave an account of the explora-
tions of several members of the Institute at Jeffries' Neck ,
in Ipswich, on Friday last.

The researches were undertaken for the purpose of
ascertaining if a large number of depressions, in two
groups, about a mile apart, were graves of Indians, as
had been supposed. After carefully digging into several

80

of the places unci getting to the original bottoms of the
holes, it was evident to all present that they were not
graves, and though a few stone implements and pieces of
Indian pottery were found in the course of the excava-
tions, there was nothing by which the original makers of
the holes could be determined beyond doubt as Indians,
though unquestionably the holes had been dug years ago
by some race of men, and perhaps by the Indians for
some temporary purpose. During the digging an old
clay pipe bowl, of the pattern used by the first settlers,
was found, indicating that perhaps the depressions were
of a comparatively recent date, though the pipe might
have been lost at a time following the original working,
as it was found only a few inches below the sod.

One of the most interesting results of the explorations
was the finding by Mr. Goodell of a well marked piece of
Indian pottery in the gravel bank about three feet below
the surface. This piece of pottery was seen, and the spot
from which it was taken carefully examined, by several of
the party, and it was unquestionably carried into the bank
of gravel at the same time the l)ank Avas formed, and not
buried there, as the gravel was undisturbed and the frag-
ment of pottery by itself. The only question is as to the
age of the gravel deposit, whether original river drift, or
wash from the hills above at a more recent time, though
even if of the later date it would prove of great antiquity.

Mr. Putnam exhibited a plan, made b}^ Mr. J. H. Emcr-
ton, of one of the groups of depressions, showing their
relative positions, juid also a section of one of those
0})ened. A sketch, showing the clearing which had been
made by taking away all the large stones from the vicin-
ity, and the relation of the depressions to the surrounding
country, was made by Mr. C. A. Walker.

]Mr. Pihtnam was followed bv remarks from Messrs.

81

Goodell, Kimball, and others. After an interestini^ dis-
cussion on these and other subjects suggested by the above
topics the meeting was adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 1872.

President in the chair.

Samuel Galley of Salem and George E. Lewis of
Peabody were elected resident members.

Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday,
June 12th, 1872.

THE RAMBLE.

The Institute, in arranging the series of Field Meet-
ings, the present season, decided to commence at IMiddle-
ton and to accept the kind invitation of Mr. Simon F. Esty
to use his grounds as the place of rendezvous for the day.
Thither the party, on alighting from the cars of the Law-
rence liranch of the Eastern Eailroad, at the Middleton
station, about two hours ])cforc noon, wended their way,
and found a beautiful walnut grove well adapted for the
purpose of rural excursions, situated on the borders of a
largo pond formerly known as "the Great Pond," but now
designated "Forest Lake."

From this place the several parties, after depositing
their baskets, etc., went in different directions as inclina-
tions dictated; some upon the pond, boats being in read-
iness for the purpose, others rambled through the grove

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 11

82

and adjoining woods, or betook tliemselves to some of tlie
pleasant by-paths that here aljound, and are more or less
skirted with shrubbery and the flowering plants that appear
and disappear, in succession, with the advance of the sea-
son. Many of these by-paths were undoubtedly the primi-
tive roads constructed by the early settlers, from house to
house, without any definite plan, merely for their own
personal convenience. When the vilhiges and towns
sprung up requiring better and more direct means of com-
munication, other roads were constructed and these were
soon abandoned ; the people accordingly changed their
places of residence and built other houses ; the old ones
being neglected soon fell into decay. One occasionally
meets in rambling through the woods and following the
devious windings of some of these old by-paths or cross-
roads the remains of an old cellar, the gnarled apple tree
near by, a few plants that always linger in the footsteps of
man, and perhaps the old well in the midst of dense woods
and forests. Nature soon usurps her sway and clothes
with rich verdure the places that man ceases to cultivate.
This diversity of the surface into hills and dales, with the
various brooks and ponds interspersed, adds to the l)eauty
of the scenery and greatly contri!)utcs to the pleasures of
rural walks. Through the kindness of Mr. David Stiles,
several of those interested in antiquarian lore were enabled
to see specimens of the old houses, two stories front with
a lean-to in the rear, that have braved the blasts of some
two hundred Avinters, also the burial places where the
forefathers of the hamlet sleep with their names inscribed
upon tlie sinn)le stone that marks the spot of interinent.
Mr Stiles directed attention to other objects of historical
interest ; some of these will be alhided to in the afternoon
session. Middleton has two railroads located within its
territoryv, one from Salem to Lowell in the extreme

83

western part at the paper mill, the other from Salem to
Lawrence through the central part near the village. The
occii[)ation of the inhabitants is largely agricultural ;
though the manufacture of shoes and paper is carried on
to cousidei'able extent.

After partaking of the repast at the grove the party
proceeded to the church, where the afternoon session was
held, commencing at 3 r. m. The President in the
chair.

ATTERKOON SESSION.

. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From F. S. Drake, Boston, May 11 ; Simon F. Esty, Middletoii, May 28 ; H. Hagen ,
Cambridge, May 6; A. Lackey, Haverhill, Juno 4; James Niven, Saiigus Centre,
May -ll; W. S. Perry, Geneva, N. Y., May '20; A. A. Scott, Saugus Centre, May 24;
W. P. Upham, 3Iay U; Durkheim, Natnrwissenschaftlicher Verein der Rheinp
falz, Feb. 7; Gottiugeu, Die K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschafteu, Jan. 10; Saiut
Petersbourg, Academic Imperiale des Sciences, Ap. 2!): Tlirondhjem, Societc
Royale des Sciences et des Lettres, Aug. 16, Dec. 12; U. S. Dep. of Interior, May 14.

t

The LiBRARiAX reported the following additions : —

Bu Donation.

Bkooks, Hexrv M. Cony's Life of Washington. 1 vol. 12nio. Juvenile Lyre.
1 vol. 8vo. Life of Marion. 1 vol. 12nio. Bibliotheca Ilistorica. 1 vol. 8vo.

BUYAXT. J.\MES S., of Hartford. Conn. Register for the State of Conn, for 1790-
Ifimo. Flint's Discourse on Washington. Svo. Proudlit's Sermon. 8vo.

BiTFi'M, James N., of Lynn, Mass. Lynn City Documents for 1871. 1 vol. Svo.

BUTLEU, B. F., M.C. Kelly's Speech in U.S. II. R. May 1, 1872. Butler's Speech
in U. S. II. II.. May 21, 1872.

Chambeu of Cojoierce, New York. Fourteenth Annual Report of, 1871-72.
1 vol. Svo.

Ckosp.y, Aei>hei:.s. Dartmouth Centennial. I8G9. Svo pamph. Catalogues of
Dartmouth College, 18G4-.5, 1870-1, 1871-2. 3 panipldets, 8vo.

Dahney, M. p. Works of Mrs. Barbauld. 2 vols. Svo. Domestic Memoirs. 2
vols. 12mo. Thoughts on Education. 1 vol. 12mo. Sketches of Foreign Manners.
1 vol. 12mo. Works of Dr. Franklin, 1 vol. Ifimo. Memoirs of the Life of M. L-
Ramsay. 1 vol. Ifimo. Hamilton's Letters. I vol. 12mo. Journal of the Ameri-
can I'uitarian Association. 40 nos. Fac-simile of the Original Manuscript of
Burns' Jolly Beggars. 4to pamph.

U. S. Devautmknt of the Interior. U. S. Geological Report of Nebraska.
Final Report. 1 vol. Svo. Ninth Census of tlie U. S. 4to pamph.

E.XECUTivE Committee of the Frexcii Relief Flxd, Boston. Reports of, 2
pamphlets, Svo.

84

Peabody Ixstitute, Peabody, Mass. Peabody Press and Danvers Monitor.

1870, 1871. 2 vols, folio.

Langwortiit, I. P., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 39.

Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin, May 18, 1873.

Palfuay, C. W. Directory of Hannibal, 1871-3. 1 vol. 8vo.

Peabody, Mrs. Francis. Every Xiglit Book. 1 vol. r2mo. Everj- Saturday
21 uos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Perry, W. S., of Geneva. X. Y. Digest of the Canons. 8vo pamph. 1873.

Phillips, \V. P. Agriculture of Mass., 1871-3. 1 vol. 8vo. Thirty-Fifth Annual
Report of the Board of Education. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1872, Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 12.

Preble, G. H., of Charlestown. Notes on Ship-building in Maes. 8vo paniph.
1872.

Shepard, Henry F. American Naturalist. 15 nos. Miscellaneous pamplilet.-;, (>.

Story, Eliza. East Indies Directories. 2 vols. 4to. Geographical Grammar.
1 vol. 8vo. Requisite Tables. 2 vols. 8vo. Geometrical Problems. 1 vol. 8vo.
Blunt's Coast Pilot. 1 vol. 8vo. Clarrissa. 8 vols. 13mo. Salmon's Gazetteer. 1
vol. 12mo. Volney's Ruins. 1 vol. 16mo. Willich's Lectures. 2 vols. 8vo. Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets, .50.

Sumner, Chas., U. S, Senate. Sumner's Speech in U. S. Sen. May 31, 1872.

RoniNSON, W. S., Clerk Mass. House of Reps. Journal of tlie House of Keps.
of Mass. 186.i, 18fi6, 1867, 18G8, 1809, 1870, 1871. 7 vols. 8vo. Report of the Com-
mittee on Claims on the Alterations and Repairs upon the State House. 1809. 1
vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 05.

Whiting, William, of Bostou. Memoir of Rev. Saml. Whiting, D. D., by the
donor. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1873.

WiNTHROP, Rob't C, of Brookline, Mass. Life and Letters of John Wmtluop.
1588-1049. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston. 1809.

By Exchange.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Couchyliologie, Tome xii. 3e Serie. No. 1.
1872.
Entomologischen Verein in Stettin. Eutomologische Zeituug. 33 Jahrg.

1871. 8vo. Stettin. 1871.

K. Gesellsciiaft der Wissenschaften in Gottixgen, ILvnover. Nachrich-
ten, 1871. lOmo i)!imph.

Koxgelige Nohske Videxskarers-Selskar, Throndhjem. Skrifter, i det
19(le Aarhundrede, Bind feme, Heft. I, II. 1805-08. Bindsjette, 1870. 3 pamphlets,
8vo.

KOXIGLICIIE BAYERISCIIE BOTANISCHE GESELLSCIIAFT IN REGEXSBURG. Flora,

Neve, Reihe. 29 Jahrg. 1871. 8vo pami)h. 1871.

OHKRLAUSITZISCIIE GESELLSCIIAFT DER WLSSENSCIIAFTEX IN GiiRLlTZ. NeUCS

Lausitzischcs Magazin. Ira Auftrage der Oberlausitzischen Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften. Bd. xiviii. 1871. 8vo pamph.

SocifoTfo D' Acclimation, in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 2me Seric. Tome
viii. Dec, 1871. 8vo pamph.

SociftTfc D' Anthroi'OLOGIE IX Paris. Bulletins, Tomes v, vi. lie Serie. 1870-
71. 8vo i)amphlcts.

Socira'F, Vaxdoise Dks Sciexces N.vtuuelles. Lausanne, Bulletin. Vol. x.
No. 0.'). 1870. 8vo jiamph.

ZooLtxMSCiii': Geskllschaft, Frankfurt A M. Zoologisehe (iartcn. No.s. 7-
12. Juli-Doc. 1871. 0 ])amphlets. 8vo.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World, (hardener's Monlhly.

85

GIonce:^ter Telcpi-apli. Ilaverliill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water.
Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reiiorter. Lynn Transcrijit. Jledical
and Surgical Ueporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Oljserver. The
llrunonian.

The Superintendent of the Museum reported : —

From Miss J. U. Colby, a Fire Set, taken from the ruins of the liouse of Mrs.
Mullilccn, burned by the Britisli at the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775.

FIRST FIELD MEETINGS — DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON.

The President in his opening remarks alluded to the
coincidence of this day being the twenty-third anniversary
of the tirst Field Meeting, which was held in the ncigh-
horing town of Danvers, on June 12, 1849. Some twelve
or fifteen members in private carriages assembled at the
Plains, and under the guidance of our old friend. Dr.
Andrew Nichols, visited the locality of the Vaccinium
vitii^-idea first discovered by William Oakes in 1820 —
this plant is seldom found growing elsewhere within the
limits of Massachusetts. The sphagnous borders of
Cedar Pond in Wenham were also visited and there was
detected the Andromeda pol if olia just passing out of bloom.
Thence repairing to Berry's Tavern at the Plains, the
afternoon was devoted to explaining and illustrating by
the microscope (a constant accompaniment at these meet-
ings) the structure and economy of the lower algae, fungi,
lichens, etc. The second meeting, a few weeks later,
was held at the residence of A. T. Newhall in Lynntield.
There were present with us on this occasion, Messrs. F.
Alger and C. T. Jackson of Boston, and Seaman of
German3\ Ship Rock and the serpentine ledges in Lynn-
lield were visited, and at the afternoon session furnished
topics for discussion. The third, on the 28th of August
following, winis at the seashore on Burley Smith's farm in
Manchester. Some visited the woods of Essex and Man-
chester where Cutler and Oakes, in years long past, were

S6

wont to herbai-ize ; a few spent the time in dredging along
the adjacent shores, a l)oat having l)een sent from Salem for
this purpose. The visitors on this occasion were Mr. C.
Girard, an assistant of Prof. Agassiz, and a young man
named Stimpson, hailing from Cambridge, and not then
out of his teens. Acquaintance had been made with Mr.
Stimpson, a week or two previous, during a trip in the
steamer R. B. Forbes from Boston to Salem, with mem-
bers of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, who were visiting Salem, on the da}^ after the
adjournment of the session at Cambridge. Dredges
having been put on l)oard, at the suggestion of Professor
Agassiz, were used occasionally during the trip.

Let us consider in this connection the subsequent career
of this young man, the notice of whose death at Ilchester,
near Baltimore, on the 2Gth ult., has been so recently
announced. That trip from Boston to Salem was his first
experience in dredging, a novelty to him, and he was
much interested in this pursuit. He visited Salem several
times during that autumn, and accompanied me on dredg-
ing excursions in the harbor. The results of his gleanings
on these occasions formed the basis of a series of observa-
tions which were embodied in a work on the New England
Shells, published in 1851 — his first introduction to the
scientific world as an author. This was soon followed
by a paper on the Marine Invertebrates of Grand Menan,
published in 1853, under the auspices of the Smithsonian
Institution, and has since been considered as the first
authority in the marine zoology of that region. He then
spent several years in the North Pacific, Japan, etc., as
naturalist to Government Expeditions and made vast col-
lections, principally the results of dredging in those seas.
He then resided for some years at Washington, in the
quiet piX)secution of his investigations, and the publica-

87

tion of their results. When the late Robert Keniiicott
went to Alaska, in 1865, in the employment of the
Russian Telegraphic Expedition, Dr. Stimpson removed
to Chicago to assume the duties of Secretary of the
Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences, and maintained
that connection until his death. During that interval he
visited Florida on several occasions, and always obtained
numerous interesting collections for the Academy.

Dr. Stimpson ranked high as a scientific investigator,
his researches were thorough and his descriptions clear
and accurate. He has added a large number of new
species to the list of marine animals, the detailed account
of which, forming many zoological monographs with illus-
trations nearly ready for the press, were destroyed by the
Chicago tire as were also the types of his species. This
great loss, the result of his laljors for twenty years, affected
him severely and influenced very much the state of his
health.

The past w^inter Dr. Stimpson was engaged on board
the U. S. C.S. steamer Bache in superintending dredsinir
between Cape San Antonio, Cuba, and the coast of Yuca-
tan and thence to Key West — but his increasing infirm-
ities prevented him from fully carrying out his plans —
returning not long since to the residence of his father-in-
law near Baltimore he became gradually worse and died,
as before noticed, «)n the 2Gtli of May.

It seems appropriate, at this time and on this occasion,
to allude to the decease of Dr. Stimpson, especially from
the fact that he received his first experiences in the uses
and results of dredging at one of these outdoor meetings,
and that after the lapse of more than a score of years a
life, then at its commencement, closes so full in the per-
formance of scientific work and having done so much for
the [)romotion and diffusion of science in this country.

88

jNIr. F. W. Putnam alluded to the high position which
Dr. Stinipson had taken in the ranks of science, and to
the esteem in which he had always been held hy those
associated with him, and closed by proposing that a com-
mittee be appointed hy the Institute to draw up a series
of resolutions expressive of the loss which it had sustained.
The committee, consisting of Messrs. Putnam, Bolles,
Johnson and Wheatland, afterwards reported the following
resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, and it was
voted that a copy be sent to the family of Dr. Stimpson,
and to the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Resolved: That the Essex Institute has learned with
profound regret of the recent death of Dr. William
Stimpson, who has for so long a time been distinguished
as the foremost American student in Marine Zoology, and
whose loss to science is the greater since it has occurred
in the midst of his successful labors to restore the fortunes
of that Institution which has owed so much to his eminent
attainments.

Resolved: That even in the grief Avhich this severe
afliiction causes, the Essex Institute cannot but remember
with pride that Dr. Stimpson's first acquaintance with the
department of investigation which he afterwards pursued
to such results, was made under its own auspices, and that
the records of its Field Meetings for 1849 will preserve
the honorable memorials of this beginning of his fame.

Resolved : That the Secretary of tl^e Institute be in-
structed to convey, by these Resolutions, to the family of
Dr. Stimpson and to the Chicago Academy of Sciences,
not only the assurances of the high appreciation in which
its memlxn-s hold the scientitic accjuirements and labors of
their lamented friend, but also their earnest syin[)athy
with his reUitives in the sorrow of their bereavement.

BULLETIN

ESSEX IITSTia?XJTE.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., July, 1872. No. 7.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Sinsrle Copy.

Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday,
June 12th, 1872.

[ Co n tinn erf. ]
THE EARLY' MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY".

Mr. S. p. Fowler, of Danvcrs, one of the original mem-
bers of the Society, gave an interesting retrospect of its
early history, and narrated many incidents of its first meet-
ings, alluding especialh' to the one held in Topsfield on
AVednesdaj', the 16th of April, 1834, in furtherance of the
object and to complete the organization by the appointment
of committees, etc. Specimens in the various branches of
Natural History, with apparatus for collecting, were exhib-
ited and illustrated, and the modes of preservation of the
same, with a view to the formation of a Museum were dis-
cussed by William Oakes of Ipswich, Dr. Andrew Nichols
of Danvers, and others. These two gentlemen may be
justly regarded among the pioneers of science in this com-
munity, and the present generation are now reaping the
fruits of their labors and their example in this direction ;

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 12

90

they have long since been gathered to their fathers. ^Ir.
Oakes died on the 31st of July, 1848, a noted and enthu-
siastic botanist; Dr. Nichols, a valued physician, and one
particularly conversant with our local geology and botany,
March 31, 1853, just as the little Draba verna, a plant of
which he always delighted to make mention and collect
specimens, was expanding its tiny petals to another vernal
season. He also spoke of the field meetings iu Danvers
and Lynntield during the summer of 1849 and the great
interest which Dr. A. Nichols, Mr. Thomas Cole of Salem,
Dr. George Osgood of Danvers and others took in this
movement for the promotion of science.

HISTORICAL NOTICES OF MIDDLETON.

David Stiles of Middleton being called up, said he
proposed to say something about the beautiful pond (on
the shores of which the society had this day takeu their
repast), and two of the earliest settlers. Boston was set-
tled in 1630 and four years subsequently Newton people
under the care of Richard Bellingham, Esq., of Boston
(afterwards Gov. of the Colony), moved to Cochichcwick
(Andover) and settled on the fish brook leading from the
Great Pond to the Merrimac River. This small colony
was exempt from tax and had the direct care of an agent,
a compensation for the privations and dangers of an unpro-
tected company in the midst of savages and in the wilder-
ness. Bellingham must have passed to and fro within a
mile of this pond in Middleton. None of the towns west
of this were then settled and the roads at that time were
through Danvers, Topsfield and Boxford, to old Rowley
then called Salem Newmeadows, and Rowley Village. Bel-
lingham's keen eye found this pond, and in 1639 obtained
a grant for about twelve hundred acres which contained
the pondv and at that time an Indian plantation (relics and

91

skeletons of the Indians are still found in this locality).
In 1G59 Bellingham sold this claim to Bray Wilkins whose
descendants (some of them) are before me to-day. AVilkins
was from Wales, came over in one of Gov. Endicott's
vessels and tended a ferry in Lynn fifteen years before set-
tlins: in ]\Iiddleton. This was in 1(360, one year after pur-
chasing these lands. Plis dwelling was on the southeast
side of the pond and protected from the cold winds by
Wills Hill on the north. His family consisted mostly of
boys who took up a large portion of this claim and erected
dwellings thereon for themselves, and this accounts for this
name being more numerous in our early history than any
other. Wilkins attended church at 8alem Village, of
which this town was a part, under the pastorate of Rev.
Samuel Parris, in 1692, at the time of the witchcraft, and
one of his grandsons was a victim.

In 1663 Thomas Fuller from Woburn bought a claim
of Maj. Greneral Dennison, lying east of Bellingham and
parallel with it, and erected his dwelling just south of this
church on the site now occupied by the house of Mr.
Abijah Fuller. Thomas Fuller was a blacksmith by trade.
He had quite a number of sons who also settled on his
lands and for some years these two families must have
been the principal ones in this part of the town.

In 1728 these people obtained a charter from the Great
and General Court for a town. It enjoined upon the in-
habitants the settling a minister and hiring a schoolmaster
to teach "ye young to read and write." Consequently
they settled Andrew Peters, and hired Daniel Towne as
schoolmaster. Peters was from Andover, son of Samuel
Peters and a graduate of Harvard College, in the class of
1723. The charter was presented to the town by Lieut.
Thomas Fuller, designated as one of the principal inhabi-
tants, who, at that period, must have been between ninety

92

and one hundred years old, and we are assured of this fact
by his excellent, though very tremulous, liandwriting.

The spot where the town met to receive their charter
was at the house of Dr. Daniel Felch, a few rods east of
the present church and the dividing line between Salem
and Rowley. The meeting-house, though raised at that
time, was not covered ; it seems, therefore, that the toAvn
had been some time preparing for an existence (the popu-
lation at that time was about four hundred). About thirty
years a^^o I bousht and took down this old meeting-house
of massive timbers, all oak, most of which squared ten by
thirteen while underneath I found oak stumps hewn awa}-
to receive the floor timbers which measured over four feet
in diameter,

In conclusion, I thank this Society for the interest they
have awakened in this count}^ in searching for these hidden
treasures, which to the antiquarian, and indeed to all
coming posterity, are of so much value.

Mr. A. C. GooDELL, Jr., of Salem, spoke of his pleas-
ant visit during the forenoon to several places of historical
interest in the town, especially to the spot alluded to by
Mr. Stiles, where the act of incorporation of the town in
1728 was first openly proclaimed, being read by the
Sherifl". He then read a copy of the act.

INDIAN RELIC.

Mr. D. J. Tapley, of Danvers, described a curious and
interesting sculptured stone which was discovered recently
at Meredith Village, N. H. The stone was found em-
bedded in clay and deposited in the sandy soil at the head
of LiUce Winni[)iseogee, at a depth of two feet. On care-
fully removing the coating of clay, an egg-shaped "gor-
get" was f^)und, having a tapering lude through its longest

93

diameter aiul measuring three and seveii-eightlis inches
in length bv two and five-eightlis in thickness. The
material is a silicious sandstone, of a drab color and tine
grain, and the scul[)tiires are of a much higher grade of
art than any of a similar class extant. The surface of the
stone is smooth, and as perfect in contour as if turned in
a lathe. The carvings are in bas-relief, on a ground suidc
in this surface.

On one side of the stone is a face in relief, similar in
its general features to the ^lexican and Indian "^Nlasks."
On the opi)osite side is a representation of arrows in
various positions, a new moon, and a convolute, or coil,
which may represent a serpent. On the third side is a
wigwam and a circle supposed to represent the full moon,
and on the fourth an ear of corn and a depressed circle
containing i)ictures of the hcad( ?) of some animal, a deer's
leg, and a crown (?).

The stone was found 1)}' Mr. Seneca Ladd of Meredith
Village at the bottom of a post hole which some of his
workmen were excavating. As Mr. L. is quite a naturalist,
the discovery was hailed by him with enthusiasm, and the
relic will be preserved with the greatest care. The dis-
covery is regarded as one of great importance in its
archaeological bearings.

]Mr. F. W. Putnam remarked that the description of
the carved stone given by Mv. Tapley had greatly inter-
ested him, especially as the carving was shown by Mr.
Tapley's drawings to be far more elaborate than anything
he had known as the work of the earlier inhabitants of
New^ England. The ^lound Builders of the South and
West were good workers in stone, and often made quite
elaborate carvings, but the later race of Indians were not
much skilled in the art, and but few relics of- their work

94

had been found. On this stone, however, we had the
characteristic Indian face, similar to the few others that
had been found in New England, Avith an attempt at an
artistic result in the finish of the stone and the other
figures carved upon it, that would certainly lead us to
infer that its maker, if an Indian, was of a far higher caste
as an artist than the distorted and childlike outlines of
animals and men ordinarily cut or painted by them have
heretofore impressed us as possible, and were it not for
the fact that the face is so similar to undoubted Indian
representations of the human face, which we have from
New England, he would be inclined to think that it might
have been the work of some other race. The position in
which the stone was found marked it as quite an ancient
piece of workmanship, and from its shape and the fact
of its having a hole through its centre, he believed it
would be classed with the singular perforated stones
called gorgets, found throughout the country, and always
more or less elaborately finished, which were supposed
to have been worn on the breast as an ornament or badge
of office.

Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem in speaking of the

SPIDERS AT MIDDLETOX

said that while going about the shallow parts of the pond
in a boat we saw a large number of spiders, most of them
of the genus Tetragnatha, on the sedges entirely surround-
ed by water. They were standing head down with their
feet stretched out up and down the leaves and could hardly
be distinguished from their withered tips. One of these
spiders found on an alder bush overhanging the pond
was disturbed. It dr()pi)ed and ran along on the water
without wetting its body until it reached a water plant.
These spiders are usually found near water but he had

95

not before seen them run on the surfiice although it is a
common habit with several other species.

MICROSCOPIC FUNGI.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES of Salem said that if there have
been but few flowering plants collected for consideration,
almost every one must have remarked, perhaps without
knowing what they were, two curious vegetable growths
which Avere largely represented among the specimens upon
the table. The roads about Middleton are bordered with
a great abundance of Berberry bushes and Blackberry
vines ; and all of the former and many of the latter exhibit
vegetable parasites in profusion upon their young foliage.
These parasites are microscopic fungi only visible to the
naked eye in the mass. The specimens before the meet-
ing represent two divisions of the great family of the
fungi, named Coniomycetei^ or Dust-fungi, because the
most evident character about them is their powdery spores.

The Berberry bushes have a large proportion of their
leaves spotted with numerous yellow discoloratiohs. These
are found to proceed from clusters of points which roughen
the under surface. Microscopic examination shows each
point to be a short cylinder thrust up through the cuticle
of the leaf, and having its upper edge cut into teeth or
segments, which are turned over the outside very evenly.
Eiich cup contains many rounded translucent grains, and
as the cup with its frill is white and the grains a rich yel-
low, the whole makes a very beautiful object for the mi-
croscope. The cells are clustered together — hence the
conmion name. Berberry Cluster-cups (^Ecidium Ber-
beridis). The yellow grains are the spores and with the
cups form the fructification of the plant. The rest of its
structure as in all fungi is represented by the mycelium, or
mat of white fibres, which pervades the tissue of the leaf.

96

In the case of the Blackberry vines, the leaves seem
thickly and completely coated on the under side with a
powdery oranije-colored material. So brilliant is it that
a plant so infected is a very striking object by the road-
side. On looking more closely, we see that the color is in
patches, which, in their tendency to become confluent,
have spread over nearly the whole surface of the leaves.
The orange material seems to have burst from under the
cuticle, as the cluster-cups did. But there are no cups
nOr cells, onl}' a mass of naked, rounded spores. This
is a Jiust, the Uredo Potenlillarum ; and is found on many
plants of the Rose family. The mycelium of the fungus
is hidden in this plant as in the other.

Both of these fungi are very common species here.
Two features of interest may be noted. First, the im-
mense nmnber of spores, showing the resources of these
minute plants. By the dispersion of these germs, wide-
spread injury to the farmers' crops is often done by other
species of Rusts, etc. Then again, these Berberry and
Blackberry leaves are in many cases hardly unfolded, and
yet almost innnediatcly covered with the fungi. This
shows that the plant itself is so infected, that year after
year, in renewing its own foliage, it renews the parasitic
growth as well. '

Dr. A. H. Johnson of Salem and Rev. L. II. Fraiy of
Middleton being called upon made some interesting re-
marks upon the object of these meetings and the beneticial
intluences that may arise therefrom in the promotion of
science and general culture in the community.

SCIENTIFIC LECTURES.

The Committee on Lectures reported, that arrangements
had been made (subject to the contirraation of the Institute)
with Revi E. C. Bolles of Salem, and Mr. E. Bicknell

97

of Sulcm as assistant, to deliver forty lectures "on the
mi('roscM)[)e and what it shows us" illustrated In' the cal-
ciiitn light, in such places in Essex County as may be
airreed upon during the year connnencing July 1, 1872,
eight of them to be given in Mechanic Hall, Salem, on
suc(;essive Wednesday evenings commencing on the third
Wednesday in October.

Voted, To accept the report of. the committee, and
confirm the doings.

David Weston of Salem was elected a resident member.

Voted, That the Essex Institute hereby tenders its hearty
tlianks to Mr. Simon F. Esty of JMiddleton for the use of
his beautiful and commodious grove, to the Proi)rietors
of the Congregational Church in which this session has
been held and to Messrs. David Stiles, Henry White,
Merriam, Tyler and others of Middleton who have ex-
tended courtesies on this occasion.

Adjourned.

Field Meeting at Grovel and, Tuesday,
July 1G, 1872.

Soon after nine o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, 16th
of July, a goodly number of persons l)egan to assemble in
the Eastern Railroad Station, Salem, for an excursion to
Groveland, taking the 9.25 train for Danvers on the Essex
Road, thence a special train on the Danvers and George-
town, now leased and operated by the Boston and Maine
Railroad corporation, the remainder of the route.

The additions to the party from other towns at the
several stations considerably augmented the numl)er in
attendance. On arrival at Groveland the party was met

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 13

98

by several of the citizens, and proceeded to the new
building recently erected through the efforts of the ven-
erable Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, on the site of the Merrimac
Academy which was destroyed by fire some two or three
years since, where a preliminary meeting was organized.
The President, after briefly alluding to the nature of the
gathering, and expressing the hope that the day's excur-
sion might be pleasant and instructive to every participant,
introduced Dr. SpoflTord who extended a cordial welcome
and described the location of the groves, streams, paths,
hills and other objects of interest that were accessible
during the forenoon's ramble ; when he closed, the party
adjourned and went in groups to the various localities
jjointed out, as inclination dictated.

This buildins: is arrauijed for a lecture room on the
second floor, and on the first, several smaller rooms for a
public library, reading room, and other purposes. May
the praiseworthy efforts of this venerated friend be fully
and si3eedily carried out, and may he long live to
witness the benefits of a good educational institution,
ably sustained by the liberality of the friends of true
progress and tending largely to promote the culture of
the citizens of his native town.

THE NEW IRON lUtlDGE.

The great bend in the Merrimac river between Grove-
land and Haverhill has made the crossing, at this place,
from the early days of the settlement highly dcsiirable.
Before the construction of the bridges, the ferry at this
point received always its fair proportion of travel. It is
only recently that the residents in this section of the
county have been favored with this great accommodation.
This bridge was an object of great interest ; it was built
by authority of the Legislature (Acts 1870 chap. 219) , and

99

under the direction of the county commissioners, over the
INIerrimac River near the site of the "Chain Ferry" in
Grovehmd and connecting that town with Haverhill.

It was commenced March 29, 1871, under the superin-
tendence of Col. Coffin of Xewburyport. The stone piers,
which are the handsomest on the river, were designed by
Mr. C. A. Putnam of Salem, and built by Messrs Blais-
dell and Parker, the former of New Hampshire and the
hitter of Eockport. The superstructure was built by the
King Iron Bridge Co., of Cleveland, Ohio, and is an iron
tubular bridge, light appearing and graceful in construc-
tion, but capable of sustaining a great weight. It has
804 feet of tlooriug, and is 25 feet in clear width. There
are six spans, each 126 feet, and a draw of 68 feet,
designed by Mr. C. G. Force, engineer of the King Com-
pany. The bridge is warranted to sustain a weight of
3,000 pounds to the lineal foot. It was tested and formally
inaugurated on Wednesday, April 10, 1872, when one of
the spans was subjected to a test of thirty tons, placed as
nearly in the centre as possible, and the deflection was
only thirteen-sixteeuths of an inch. About 14 tons were
put upon the draw with no further deflection than would
be caused by the straightening of the chains.

The cost of the bridge may be summed up as follows :

For foundation, piers, etc., $48.898.3.'>

" superstructure, 33,0.56.67

" interest account, 3.007.68

$84,963.70

and was divided between the county and the adjoining
towns in the following proportions :

County of Ksse.x paid twenty-seven-sixtletlis $38,233.22

City of Haverhill paid niueteen-sixtieths, 26,904.85

Town of Groveland paid eiglit-sixticths, 11.328..36

Town of West Xewbury paid six-sixtieths, 8,496.27

$84,962.70

100

The clay of inauguration may be considered one of the
important events in tlie town's life ; a good pro[)ortion of
the people were out, a collation was provided, and speeches
ranging from grave to gay were warm in the approval
of this object which has been a cherished one for many
years to obtain.

In 1834, 1835 and 1836 petitions were forwarded to
the Legislature for a charter to build a bridge at this
locality, but the op])ositi()n of Haverhill, and more actively
that of the Proprietors of Haverhill Bridge, prevented a
favorable consideration. This source of objection is now
removed, the several bridges over the Merrimac, hitherto
controlled by private interests, have been laid out as high-
ways by legislative action (see Acts 18G7, chap. 296, and
1868, chap. 309), and the expenses incident thereto and of
maintaining the same have been assessed by the county
commissioners on the county and towns or cities most
benefited.

HISTORICAL NOTICES.

The first bridge over the Merrimac at Haverhill was
completed in the autumn of 1794 ; its erection was consid-
ered a marvel of mechanical skill and ingenuity. In
1795 the Merrimac Bridge at the Kocks connecting Haver-
hill with West Newbury was built, and was the longest
over this river; there being but little travel, the propri-
etors suffered it to fall to decay and in 1818 it was swept
away by the ice. It was rel)uilt in 1828.

These bridges have superseded the old ferries, the
primitive mode adopted by our ancestors to maintain
communication with those living on the opposite banks
of the large rivers and to facilitate general travel.

An historical sketch of these old ferries with brief allu-
sions to the many incidents connected therewith would
embody many valuable facts and be a great contribution to

101

our local history. The records of the coiiiitj and of
several of our towns contain a mass of material on the
suhject that would amply repay a careful examination.

The ferries on the Merrimac near Haverhill have varied
at dill'erent periods in number and location. The first on
record was in 1G47, Thomas Hale authorized to keep a
ferry. In 1711, a ferry was established at Holt's Rocks
between Havcrliill and Newbury, and was kept for many
years hy John Swett, father and sou, hence the name of
"Swett's Ferry." In 1745, there were no less than five
ferries l)etween the village of Haverhill and Holt's Rocks :
Swett's, at Holt's Rock ; Cottle's, at the mouth of East
Meadow River (Cottle's Creek) ; Pattee's near the House
where David Nichols now or recently lived ; Milliken's
at the "Chain Ferry"; and Griffen's nearly opposite the
central part of the city.

A ferry has been kept at the location of the New Bridge
from 1738 to 1872, or 134 years, as a public landing; for
more than one hundred years it had been a regulai'ly at-
tended ferry. About thirty years after the opening of
Haverhill bridge, regular attendance was suspended ;
boats, however, have been kept by individuals for the
conveyance of foot passengers.

Some of the party, who were interested in genealogical
investigations, repaired to the old records ; others, among
whom was the author of a valuable memoir of one of the
old families of the place, visited tlie location of several of
the original grants of land to settlers from Rowley who first
came hither in 1649. This territory at that time was
known as "the Merrimac lands" and was within the town-
ship of Rowley. The first grants were bounded on the
river (the river before the building of roads was the
most convenient mode of communication), and extended
back a considerable distance, some as far as the present

102

dividing line between Georgetown nnd Grovehind. These
were of different widths ; the hounduries of most of them
Clin now be easily ascertained, and any one acqnainted in
town can designate with sufficient accuracy the place
whore the first people lived, and the hind they occupied.
Although meetings of the settlers were probably held from
the beofinuinor, vet the first on record was on the 20th
Feb., l(5()8-9. The name then given was Merrimac, after-
wards called Eowiey village on the Merrimac; Jan. 7,
1672-3, they voted to take the name of Bradford and
incorporated under that appellation about 1675.

The first conijreijational church was constituted Dec.
27, 1682. Zachariah Symmes, a native of Charlestowii
and a jrraduate of Harvard in the class of 1657, was the
first pastor, and was succeeded by his son, Thomas
Symmes.

On the seventeenth of June, 1726, the town was divided
into town parishes and this portion was set off" as the East
Precinct, and incorporated as a distinct municipality,
March 8, 1750, under the name of Groveland.

The first parish meeting was held July 4, 1726 ; on
the 8th of November following. Rev. William Balch was
unanimously invited to preach with them ; he was born at
Beverly in 1704, graduated at Harvard College in 1724,
ordained in 1728, and died January 12, 1792, aged 88 —
a descendant of John Balch, one of the old planters of
Salem. He was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Dutch, a
native of Ipswich, a graduate of Brown in 1776, ordained
Nov. 17, 1779, died Aug. 4, 1813, aged 62. Rev. Gardner
B. Perry was the third pastor, horn at Norton, Aug. 9,
1783, graduated at Union in 1804, settled Sept. 2S, 1814,
and after a long and useful ministry died Dec. 16, 1859.

Balch^s woods, extending along the banks of the Merri-

103

mac, is a delightful place in which to ramble, especially
on a hot day, and to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the
river and the opposite shore, with its undulating hills cov-
ered largely with wood in some localities, and in others
with the city of Haverhill, thriving villages and cultivated
fields ; here also the naturalist can find much to study in
his especial line of investigation. Several eminences
nearly in the centre of the village were visited, and pre-
sented extensive views and cool and refreshing breezes.

At 1 P. M. the several parties repaired to the lower
hall of the new building which was the place of gathering
for the day, where the collation was partaken, the citizens
furnishing delicious tea and coffee. The divine blessing
was invoked by Eev. J. C. Paine of Groveland.

TUE AFTERNOON SESSION

was called to order at 2 P. M. in the hall on the second
floor. The President in the chair. Records of preced-
ino^ meetiujj read : —

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

Boston Public Library. June 17; Geological Survey of India, Jan. 2: Maryland
Historical Society, June 19; New York State Library, June 22; Rhode Island His-
torical Society, June 28; U. S. Dept. of Interior, June IS; Department of Agricul-
ture, June 17, 20; Vermont Historical Society, July 9; Worcester Free Public
Library, June 29; Mrs. W. B. Bannister, Newburyport, July 10; J. W. Foster. Chi-
cago, 111., June 25; John H. Gould, Topsfield, July 12; L. D. Gould, Boston High-
lands, July 11, i;5; S. C. Gregory. New York, June 1:5; C. J. Maynard, Ipswich, July
4; J. Siiofford, Groveland, June 21, July 5, 8.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Bannister, Mrs. Wm. B., of Newburyport. Christian World, CO numbers.
Jewi.sli Chronicle, 10 numbers. The Israelite Indeed, 43 numbers. Pauoplist, 19
numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 112.

Butler. Benj. F., M. C. Carpenter's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 3, 1872. Logan's
Speech in U. S. Sen., June 3. 1872. Flanagan's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 1, 1872.

Detart.ment of the Interior. Washington, D. C. Reports of Commissioners
to Paris E.xposition, 2nd Sess., 40tii Cong., 1807-8, 6 vols. 8vo. Senate Documents)

104

2qA Se?s. ,40th Cju^ ,18;>7-S, 1vol. 8vo. Reports of the Committees of the House of
Reps., 3cl Scss., 40th Cong., 18G8-9, 1 vol. 8\o., iad Sess.. 41st Cong., 1809-70, 3 vols.
8vo. Patent Office Reports, 3d Sess., 40th Cong., 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Reports, 2nd
Sess., 41st Cong., 18Jy-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., l.s;i<)-70.
3 vols. 8vo. Commerce and Xiivigatiou, 18()n-70, 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 18G0-70, 1 vol. Svo. E.>[e:'Utive Documents, 2nd Sess., 41st
Cong., 18;;u-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Mines and Mining, 1800-70,1 vol. 8vo. Report of the
Finance Committee, 18;j9-70, 1 vol. 8v'o. Report of the Secretary of the Interior,
18(>i)-70. 1 vol. 8s'o. House .Journal, 180^-70, 1 vol., 8vo. Report of the Secretary
of the Navy, 18;)0-70, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Journal, 18j9, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Docu-
ment.s, 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Secretary of War, 1809-70, 1 vol. Svo. Senate
Reports, 18 >9, 1 vol. Svo. House Miscellaneous 1809, 1 vol. Svo. Claims of U. S.
against Great Britain, 1809, 5 vols. Svo.

FOLGEU, Wm. C, of Nantucket. Rei)ort of the Town of Scituate, Mch. 1871-Feb.
1872. Report of the Selectmen of the Town of Marslifield, 1872.

HoTCiiKi.ss, Su.SAX v., of New Haven, Conn. Fifteentli Annual Catalogue of the
Ollicers and Stuilents of the University of Roch^'Ster, ISOI-.t.

MUUGE, ALFiiEU, of Boston. Genealogy of tlie Muilge Family in America from.
1038-1808 by donor, 1 vol. Svo. Bo.-ton, 1808.

AVE.STOX, David. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

Wilder, M. 1'., of Bo.?ton. Proceedings of the .00th Sess. of the American
Pomological Society held in Richmond, Sept. 0, 7, 8, 1871, 4to pamph.

By Exchange.

Geological, Survet of India. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of
Abyssinia, 1 vol. Svo. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. iv, Pts. iii, iv,
2 pamphlets. Svo. Memoirs of Geological Survey of India, Ser. vi, vii, 1871, 2
pampldets, 4to.

New Youic Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record of, for July,
1872.

PiiiLADELi'iiiA Academt OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings of. Part iii, Oct.,
Nov., Dec, 1871.

Publishers. American Naturalist. E-sex County Mercury. Ilardwicke's
Science Gossip. Haverliill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Law-
rence American. Little Giant. Lynu Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazme and Sea-
men's Friend. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Western Lancet.

The Surp:RiNTENDENT of Museum reported the following
additions to the Historical Collection : —

Craig, Mrs. Saml. A bottle witii "C. B. 171.5" stamped on it.

Little, W.M., of Newbnryport. A old fashioned Mirror.

Mudge, Alfred, & Son, of Boston. A comidete set of the Jubilee programmes,
1872.

U. S. Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Washington, D. C. Three copies
of the dally weather Maps.

James IJ. 8Tf>NE. A pair of ovei-shocs worn about tlie period of tlie Revolution.

L. 11. Fraiy of Midilleton, \V. F. Southard, AV. AV.
Kelinan, Jr., and George K. Proctor, all of Salem, were
elected resident nienihers.

^' n

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IIDTSTITTJTE.

Vol. 4. • Salem, Mass., August, 1872. No. 8.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Groveland, Tuesday,
July K), 1872.

[ Con tinned .]

The President in his opening remarks alluded briefly
to liis first visit to Groveland, then the East Parish of
Bradford, on Thursday, the 21st of September, 1837, a
beautiful autumnal day, in company with a few friends,
to attend a horticultural exhibition in the hall of the
iNIerrimack Academy, and a meeting of the Essex County
Natural History Society.

The collection of flowers was very fine and tastefully
arranged, contributions were received from the gardens
of the village and also from those of Salem, Newburyport,
Haverhill and other towns. The attendance from the
vicinity Avas large, the agricultural and other occupations
being fully represented. A pleasing feature of the occa-
sion was the appearance of the grounds * of the Academy

* The ground in front of the Academy was then a flower garden, wholly managed
by Mr. Morse and his pupils, which, though entirely open and exposed, knew not
the loss of fruit or flower I

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 14

IOC)

laid out as a beautiful garden under the superintendence
of Mr. Sylvanus Morse,* the Principal, for the amusement
and gratification of the scholars, who not only culled from
its gayly attired borders many choice flowers, but also
gathered from the fields and woods, gerardias, asters,
fringed gentians and many other attractive and showy
flowers that add so much to the beauty of autumnal scen-
ery. There was a goodly disphiy of fruit and vegetables
arranged on the tables. The exhibition indicated the
great zeal in horticultural pursuits which was fostered by
Mr. S. Morse, and Rev. G. B. Perry, f the pastor of the
parish church. Both have passed away, but their mem-
ories survive and will long be cherished, the one as the
faithful and beloved teacher, the other for the great inter-
est which he always took in the various movements for
the promotion of education, temperance, horticulture and
other objects that tend to the general culture of the
people, in addition to his usual professional duties which
were always cheerfully and very acceptably performed.

In the afternoon a meeting of the Natural History
Socict}^ since incorporated as the Essex Institute, was
held, Rev. G. 15. Perry, one of the Vice Presidents, in the
chair. The objects of the Society being fully stated called

*STLVANirs Mouse, son of Joseph and Sopliia [Bigelow] Morse of West Boyl-
ston.Mass.; born June ."50, 1798; graduated at IJrown University; married Harriet
N., daughter of Dr. Jenlvs, of North Urookfield. lie eonnnenced teacliing in Grove-
land in 18'i8 anil continued for fifteen years, thence went to West Boylston and after-
wards to Middleboro, Mass., where lie died in 1871. His wife died in 187'2 and both
were buried in the cemetery at Uroveland.

tRev. G.\UDNKU Bk.vm.VX Pkijky. D. D., son of Nathan and riiobc [Hranian]
Perry, was born at Norton, Mass., Aug. !), 178:5. In June, 1800, entered ISrown Uni-
versity, continued tliere two years, and tlien went to Union Cidlege, wliere he
graduated in 18U4. For several years principal of Kingston Academy. Sept. 28,
1811, ordained at Bradford [(Jroveland] and was the sole pastor until 18.")1, when a
colleague was appointed; lie sustained the pastoral relation to tlie clinrch until his
death, which occurred December '2, 18.VJ. He married, first, Maria 1'. Cliamberlain
of Exeter, X. 11.; second, Eunice Tutlle of Acton ; third, Sarah Brown of (irotou,
who survived him.

107

t

forth remarks from the presiding officer, the Secretary
and others.

Ill the evening an instructive lecture was delivered in
the church by the President of the Society, Dr. Andrew
Nichols of Danvers,* "On the Advantages of the Study
of Nature," which closed this interesting day.

After mentioning the meetings of the Institute held in
this place in September, 1859, and June, 1860, and the
cordial receptions extended on these occasions, he called
upon Mr. p]. S. ]Morse to give some account of his obser-
vations during the forenoon's ramble.

Mr. E. S. Morse of Salem, after a few remarks on the
findings of the day, gave a description of the insect
which is the cause of the froth found on grass. This
froth goes by the name of frog spit, and is supposed by
many to be made by frogs, while others are aware that
the substance in question is made by insects, but sup-
pose the insects to be young grasshoppers. They are
quite different from the grasshopper, belonging to an
entirely diflerent order. The creature causing this froth
matures into a little wedge-shaped bug called leaf hopper,
an hemipterous insect, the Ptyelus lineatus of Fitch. The
eggs are deposited in the autumn, and are hatched in the
following summer. In their larval or immature condi-
tion only are they surrounded l)y this froth}^ substance.
It has been stated that these insects excrete their frothy
covering, whereas they excrete a clear liquid, and blow
it up afterward. This they accomplish by reaching out
of the fluid their posterior segments and clutching, as it
were, a drop of air, which they drag Avithin the fluid
holding it for a while against the under surface of the

* See page 80 of this volume ; also Proceed. Essex Inst., Vol. i, pgge 49 and Vol.
ii, page 26.

108

«
body, and then allowing it to escape in the fluid. This,

repeated many times, converts the fluid into froth.

Dr. Jeremiah Spofford* was the next speaker. He
retains his vigor in a remarkable degree for one who has
reached fourscore and four years, and in his remarks gave
an interesting account of the academy of which he was
one of the founders, as follows : —

MERRIMACK ACADEMY.

Merrimack Academy originated in repeated conversa-
tions between the Rev. Dr. Perry, then pastor of this
church, and mj'self, who now, after the lapse of half a
century have devoted much of my time and care during
the last year to rebuikling its ruined walls, destroyed by
fire in September, 1870.

Dr. Perry and myself had then numerous families, in
need of better advantages than the phice afforded, and
others were in the same situation, and some of us not
well able to incur the expense of maintaining children at
distant schools. These conversations resulted in the
drawing up a paper by myself, whit-h was headed by ]\Ir.
Periy, and followed by Dr. Benjamin Parker, f Capt.

* Jeremiah Spofford, son of Jeremiah and Temperance Spofl'ord, was born at
New Rowley [Georgetown] Dec. 8, 1787; married, Oct.U. 1813. Mary Aver, daugh-
ter of Deacon Eleazer and Mary [Flint] Spofl'ord, of Jafl"rey, N. II. First settled
in Hampstcail in 18i;J, a physician, and removed in 1817 to East Bradford, now
Groveland, where he now resides, having continued in the practice of his profes-
sion flfty-Uve years. Author of a Gazetteer of Massachut^etts, '' Reminiscences of
Seventy Years," a Spofford Genealogy, etc.

t Benjamin- ParivER, son of Bradstrcpt and Rebecca [Balcli] Parker, was born
at Bradford [Groveland]. Nov. ll,17.')'.i; graduated at Harvard College In 1782;
Dartmoutli in 181'J conferred ujion him the honorary degree of M. D. He prac-
tised medicine in Virginia about twenty years and returned to his native town in
1800, where he resided until Ills ileatli, wliich occurred May 11, 1815. Married
Hannah Moullon of llanii)stead, N. II., in 181G; three sous.

109

George S:ivary,* jNIoses Parker, Esq.,t William Green-
oiigh f and others, promising to pay certain proportions
or shares, in the erection of a building for academy
purposes.

The building was raised July 4, 1821, was finished and
occupied for a school in Xovember of the same year, con-
sisting of about twenty-five scholars, male and female,
mostly, but not wholly, of this place.

Mr. Stephen ]\Iorse, § a native of the town and gradu-
ate at Dartmouth, was the first teacher, with a female
department during the two summer terms, first taught a
few weeks by Miss Harriet Wood, j] but most of the time
of those and the two succeeding summer terms of the
next year by Miss Mary Frothingham 1[ of Xewburyport,
afterwards the wife of Rev. William Withinotou.

The school was no sooner in operation than application
was made to the legislature for an act of incorporation,
which was obtained, incorporating Rev. Gardner B. Perry,
Dr. Benjamin Parker, William Greenough, Esq., Dr.

•Capt. George Savauv. son of Major Thomas and Polly [Rollins] Savary, was
born January 30, 17U3, at Bradford [Groveland]. A boot an/1 shoe manufacturer
and trader; repre.'^entative and senator of Massacliusetts legislature. Married
Louisa, dau. of Benjamin Balch of Salem. Died at Groveland, March 28, 1854.

t Moses Parker (son of Bradstreet and Rebecca [Balcb] Parker) was born
April 20, 175(). Trader and ingenious mechanic; did much for the academy and
town. Died July 9, 18;37.

t Wii,i.i.\M Greexough, son of William; a trader and farmer; representative
of Massachusetts legislature; born at Bradford [(iroveland] Oct. 2.'), 17G3; mar-
ried Abigail Parker (sister of Benjamin Pai-ker); died Oct. 7, 1851.

§ Rev. Stephen Morse, son of Deacon Thomas and Rebecca [Cole] Morse, was
born at Bradford [Groveland], Feb. 24, 1794; graduated at Dartmouth Cpllege,
1821; at Andover Theological Seminary, one year; married Jfartha. daughter of
Dr. Jona. Kittredge of Salisbury; settled in the ministry at Merrimac and Troy,
N. H., Biddeford, Me, and at Post Mills, Tt. In 1817, on account of ill health, re-
tired to Thetford, Vt., where he died May 22, 1855.

II Harriet Wood, daughter of Abner Wood of Xewburyport.

TTMary Fkotiiingiiam of Xewburyport; a successful teacher.; married Rev.
William Withingtou, an Episcopal minister of Dorchester; died young.

110

Jeremiah SpofForcl, Ebenezer Rollins,* Phinehas Parker, f
Capt. George Savary, and Capt. Samuel Tenney. :|: Rev.
Elijah Demond§ was named in the act, but declined the
trust. Mr. Stephen Parker |1 was elected trustee in 1824.
Dr. Perry was president of the board thirty-five years,
till his death ; Dr. Spofford was secretary about twenty
years, and president after Mr. Perry. Capt. Benjamin
Parker, If elected trustee, was secretary and treasurer
nearly thirty years.

The school did not entirely sustain itself, in its early
years, but all deficiency was made up by an annual assess-
ment upon the trustees, resident in town, and on one
occasion one hundred and forty dollars were paid, at an
evening session, to square accounts, by a voluntary con-
tribution by them alone.

Rev. David L. Nichols** was preceptor about two
years. His health ftuling, Mr. John C. March, afterwards

* EnKNEZEK RoLLixs, SOD Of Eliplialet and Patty [Sargent] RoUiui? ; merchant
in Boston.

t Phinehas Pakker, son of William and Hannah [Hardj] Parker; born at
Bradford [Groveland] Dee. 3, 1783. In early life went into business in Boston; in
1827 retired and removed to Newburyport, and died at that place Oct. 7, ia')0.

J Capt. Samuel Tennev. son of Solomon and Bctscy;[Savary] Tenney, born Feb.
21, 17G4; died April, 1828.

§ Rev. Eli.taii Demond, son of Israel Howe and Hannah [Henry] Demond. born
at Rutland, Mass., Nov. 1, 1790; graduated at Dartmouth College in 181G; studied at
Andover Theological Seminary; settled in the ministry at West Newbury, Lincoln
and Princeton ; married Lucy, daugliter of Aaron Brown of Groton and has resided
at Wcstborougli, Mass.

II Stephen Pariceu, son of Daniel ami Abigail [Bailey] Parker, born Nov. 11.
1783; married Mchitable, daughter of Wni. Palmer; a boot and slioe manufacturer
and trader; representative of Massachusetts legislature; died Aug., 18iil.

irCai)t. Benjamin Pakker, son of .'Stephen Parker; trader lifly years; married
Anne, daucrhter of Barker Lapham.

**Rev. David Lowell Nichols, son of Stephen and Martha [Robinson] Mcliols,
born at Amesbury, Mass., Aiir. 12, 1794; grjiduated at Dartmoutli Colli'ge in !81(i;
tea(;herat Richmond, Va., Groveland and other places; studied divinity and was
ordained but never settled on account of ill health; died at Kingston, April 22,
1829. ^

I

Ill

Rev. John C. March* of Belleville, succeeded in 1825,
during one 3'^ear. Dr. Alonzo Chupin, f afterwards mis-
sionary at the Sandwich Lslands, and now physician at
Winchester, Mass., taiiuht one year. John Tenney,
Esq.,:}: afterwards an attorney at Methuen, taught one
term. .

Mr. Sylvanus Morse, A. B., of "West Boylston, com-
menced his valuable service in November, 1827, and sus-
tained the school upon its own resources till April, 1844,
seventeen years. Mr. Morse's long term was a great
benefit to this institution and to the town, nearly all the
children of the founders of the institution, and almost a
whole generation of the young people of the town passed
more or less time under his tuition, and were influenced
by his wise instruction and gentle manners. Nor was the
time passed here less pleasant to himself — his attach-
ments were strong. It was his misfortune to lay his tiist-
born son in our cemetery, and by their preference and
direction, the earthlv remains of himself and his amiable
wife have been recently brought from a distant residence
to rest by his side.

Mr. Benjamin Greenleaf, § many years preceptor of

*Rev. JOHN' Charles Makch, born at Newburypoit. Oct. 9. 1805; giailuatcd at
Tale CoUefre, 1S25; settled over the Second Church iu Xewbury [Kelleville Parish],
March, 1832, and coutiniied as the pastor until hid decease in September, 1846.

fDr. Aloxzo Chapin, a student of medicine; for several years a missionary at
the Sandwich Islands; now physician at W'inchester, Mass.

J John' Texnet, son of Shubael and Mary [Jameson] Tenney, boni at Dun-
stable, Sept. 12, 1799; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1824; counsellor at law in
Methuen; senator in Massachu.«etts legi.^lature and executive councillor; married
first, Mary Augusta, daughter of Bailey liartlett of Haverhill; second, Augusta,
daughter of Joseph and Lucy [Osgood] Sprague of Salem; died April 9, 1853.

§ Benjamin- Gkeexleaf, son of Caleb and Susannah [Emerson] Greenleaf. born
in the West Parish of Haverhill, Sept. 2."), 1780; gi-aduated at DartmouUi College,
1813. He resided at Bradford and was for many years a successful teacher and
author of a series of arithmetics which for many years were largely intioiluced
into the schools of New England and other states. He represented Bradford iu
the Massachusetts legislature in 1837, 18:J8 and 1839. He married Lucretia, daughter
of Col. James Kimball of Bradford. He died Oct. 29, 1864.

112

Bradford Academy, kept one term, during the sickness
of Mr. Morse, with much approbation.

Mr. Rufus C. Hardy,* a graduate of Dartmouth, sus-
tained a useful and reputable school here from April, 1848,
to 1860, upon the tuition received, which tuition was from
three to five dollars a term, of three to four montlis, or
less than twelve dollars a year, a small expense compared
with the extra expense of board and travel, in supporting
scholars at the distant schools, for which the public
money is expended ; in addition to losing the privilege
of parental superintendence of children at home.

Miss Mary S. Frothingham, before named, Miss Sophia
Perry, f sister of Eev. Dr. Perry, Miss Judith D. Pea-
body, I sister of the London banker, and INliss Hannah
Parish, § daughter of Rev. Dr. Parish, were successively
and successfully employed in a separate female depart-
ment till February, 1829, Avhen, by vote of the trustees, a
separate female department was discontinued. The town
was much iudebted to Mr. Hardy, :ind his sister. Miss
P^meline Hardy, || now deceased, for sustaining a highly
useful school here for more than ten years.

During the successful operation of this academy it sent
forth more than one thousand pupils, and we could often

*RuFCS Chandler IIakdy, son of I'hineas iuul Olive [Parker] Hardy, born at
Bradford [Groveland] Feb. 18,1814; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1842. He
coinmeiiced teacliiiij^ in the academy in 1848, and continued with success for ten
yeans, living at the old homestead.

t Soi'iiiA Peuuy, sister of Kev. Dr. Perry of Groveland.

X Judith Dodgk Pkaiiodv. daughter of Thomas and Juditli [Dodge] Peabody,
of Haverhill and Danvers, a sister of George Peabody, the distinguished London
banker; born April .'J, 17".i!); married, lirst, Jeremi;di Kussell of Georgetown, and
second, Robert S. Daniels of Danvers; I'e.sides in Georgetown.

§Mis3 Hannah Pauisii, d.iu. of Ucv. Dr. A. Parish of Newbury.

IlOuvK Emkmxe Hakdy, a .sister of Hufn.s C. Hardy, was a graduate of and an
assistant in the academy two years and teacher in the town scliools nearly twenty
years; died in IH'Jl, aged T)!.

113

count ten to thirteen of its srnuluatcs, natives of tlic town,
in business as successful teachers, in tliis and the neigh-
boring towns;* with a corresponding elevation of the
habits and manners of the population. Now, with an
amount spent for town schools fourfold what it then cost
for them and the academy, in the vain attempt to make
learned gentlemen and ladies of the whole community,
we hear of no teachers t'voni our town schools, and have
a deterioration in our manners and morals which I have
no disposition to portray.

Tlie academy stood, and was useful for short terms ot
schooling and social purposes, till September, 1870, when
it was destroyed by tire.

To the speaker, who then stood and now stands alone
of the original board of trustees, and who had in younger
life expended his utmost energies for its erection and sup-
port, and experienced and witnessed its usefulness, this
was a sad and sickening sight.

Capt. Benjamin Parker was early elected a trustee,
and in 1827 secretary and treasurer, and though an
octogenarian like myself, and confined by sickness, has,
by his counsel and his vote, rendered essential aid in
the re-occupation of this spot, so dear to the memory of
a thousand of its alunnii and their friends, with a build-
ing, larger than its predecessor, in which we have the
pleasure of meeting 3'ou this day, for scientific purposes,
instead of the solitary visit of some of you, w'ho may
remember its schools, its lectures, its exhibitions, and its

* In tills connection mention ni;iy be made of the valuable services of Miss-
Appliia Spoflord, a teacher for fourteen j-ears, and Miss Sarah Tenney, a teacher
for twenty years in the public i^chools of this and other towns. The first is sister
of Dr. Jeremiah Spofford. born July 1, lim; man-ied Amos J. Tenney. Esq.. of
Georgetown ; at that town she now resides, his widow. The second is daugliter
of William and Abigail [Jaquei^] Tenney. and is now a much respected inhab-
itant of this town.

Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 15

114

flower garden, to cast a melaucholy look over its dust and
ruins.

Our pupils, having been largely of the class who had
talents and energy to educate themselves, have given a
high average, and Ave have known of no failure, among
the large numljcr who have gone forth to honorable sta-
tions, in all the professions ; and we have yet to learn if
the high schools, Avhich are supported by taxation, in all
the large towns, with a view to giving a scientific and clas-
sical education to the whole [population, are furnishing us
as many, or as talented teachers as flowed out spontane-
ously from the four thousand pupils of our seventy acad-
emies, without cost to anybody but themselves, twenty
years ago. Our self-made men have always held honor-
able competition with the sons of affluence, or the
proteges of the State ; and it is yet doubtful whether acad-
emies, accessible to all who had taste and talent, to work
their own way to learning and business, were not better
than high schools for a whole population, upon free cost,
and half a dozen schools, remote from a great part of the
state, furnished with palatial buildings, and all the modern
conveniences that a state's wealth can purchase !

Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem, mentioned several
cases of protective colors and habits in spiders which he
had seen in the i>Tove durin^^ the mornin2: walk.

The common Epeira caudata of Ilentz, covers the re-
mains of its prey and other rul)bish with loose silk and
arranges them in a lino across the web, with room enouirh
at the centre for the spider, who draws her feet close to
her body, showing only the brown and gray abdomen,
which can hardly be distinguished from the dirt around it.

A specimen of Attiis was caught on dried oak leaves,
u the woods, colored almost the same shade of brown,

115

mixed Avith black ; which, when it was still, could hai'dly
be found among the leaves.

Another curious spider, of which three specimens were
found, had the abdomen i)rolongcd beyond the spinnerets,
much as in E. caudaia. Its color was brownish-yellow,
with darker marks, like dried grass, and it hung in the
web with its leifs laid close together, and bent in front of
the head, looking like a bit of straw accidentally dropped
in the web.

Messrs. Abner S. Phipps, the agent of the State Board
of Education, and D. B. Hagau, principal of the State
Normal School in Salem, being invited, made short
addresses upon the utility of a knowledge of the natural
sciences, combining in good proportions wit and wisdom.

Rev. S. C. Beane of Salem spoke of the system of
compulsory education as sometimes not effecting its object
if there were wanting in the towns a disposition to carry
out the spirit of the law, and mentioned some of the
advantages that accrued from the academies which were
in a flourishing condition some years since, and were
located in many of our rural towns.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES of Salem described the various
mosses that were noticed in the rambles, illustrating the
subject on the blackboard, as had also Messrs. Morse and
Emerton. Mr. Bolles was quite eloquent in showing the
perfection of nature in all her works, manifesting the
absolute perfection of the Creator in all his attributes.

Mr. La Roy F. Gkiffix, principal of the Phillips
Academy, Andover, spoke of the interest he had long
felt in the Institute, datinir back to the time when he was

116

at Beverly, and expressing high appreciation of the
influence of the Institute in tlie cause of popular educa-
tion. He exhibited a specimen of coral which he had
picked up in Beverly. The chair suggested that it Avas
probably found near the site of an old lime kihi, similar
specimens having been found in like places in Salem.
The coral was probably brought from the West Indies by
the traders on the return trips and was burnt with shells
and other materials containing lime collected on the
beaches aiid elsewhere for the lime that "was used for
building purposes during the provincial period.

Mr. Goldsmith, principal of the Andover High School,
followed with a few words expressive of the importance
he attached to such organizations in the interests of use-
ful knowledge.

Mr. C. H. Webber, after a few preliminary remarks,
offered the following resolution, Avhich Avas unanimously
adopted .

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are
due and are hereby tendered to Dr. Jeremiah Spolford,
Dr. Morris Spoflbrd, Rev. John C. Paine, Messrs. Chas.
Stickney, D. H. Stickney, Eldred S. Parker, George P.
Carlton, O. B. Merrill, B. E. Merrill, Frank Savary,
Charles Drew, N. Hopkinson Griffith, Jos. H. Hopkiuson
of the DcAvhirst line of Haverhill & Grovelnnd ()ninil)uses,
Mrs. Martha W. Parker, Mrs. jNIoses P. Atwood, Miss
A. T. Spolford, and all others who have been active in
making our visit to-day so pleasant and protitablc.

Dr. Spoffohi) and Rev. ]\Ir. Paine of Grovcland re-
sponded, saying that they Avere grateful to the party for
the visit, and trusting that it might servo (o awaken and
perpetuate in their locality a dooper love tor natural his-
tory and scieiatilic attainniont.

11.7

The visitors took the return train :it 5.08, entirely
esc:ii)inf; the drenching rain which soon coninienced fall-
ing, and which fortnnately ceased before their arrival at
Danvers. While awaiting the Lawrence train for Salem,
a beantiful rainbow appeared in the eastern heavens,
awakening those hopcfnl emotions always inspired by the
bow of promise.

THE FIRST WHITE HAMBURG. AND THE FIRST MUSCAT OF ALEX-
ANDRIA GRAPE-VIXE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES.—

Communicated by Jones Very.
In the year 1822, Capt. Jones Very, of Salem, brought
to Boston from Malaga in the Barque Aurelia, with a cargo
of fruit and wine, two grape-vines ; a White Hamburg,
and a Muscat of Alexandria, orKoyal Muscadine. These
were then al)out two inches round, and were rooted in
two large green earthen vases. It was his intention to
keep them ; but finding it inconvenient, he sold them to
a neighbor, Mr. William Dean, living on the opposite
side of the street (Essex St., opposite BufFum's Corner),
who had just built a greenhouse. Under his care they
grew, and have been very productive ever since. The
last year 1871, the grapes were very abundant and large.
The White Hamburg is now, 1872, fourteen inches round
about two and a half feet from the ground, where it
divides into two branches, each seven inches round. The
Muscat is seven inches round about two and a half feet
from the ground, where it branches. These two vines,
as I have been informed by J. F. Allen, Esq., are the
parent vines of all of these two kinds in this country,
being the first imported into the United States. The es-
tate of Mr. Dean is now owned by Mr. George W. Varney.

118

Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday,
August 8, 1872.

A PLEASANT, warm summer's" day, so congenial and
appropriate for a visit to the seashore, where can be
enjoyed the cool and refreshing breezes of the ocean,
induced man}' to accompany the Institute on this excur-
sion to the rock-bound coast of Cape Ann. After a pleas-
ant ride in the cars to the Gloucester station, and thence
by carriage some four or live miles, the party arrived at
the place of meeting in Aimisquam, a parish of Gh^ucester
on the north side of the Cape.

The latter portion of the trip was exceedingly interest-
ing and attractive, passing over a road abounding in rich
and varied scenery and in many places highly picturesque ;
huge masses of rock, with small patches of green verdure
interspersed, were conspicuous ; the little brown, weather-
stained, moss-covered cottages, that thirty years ago were
marked features in the landscape, are giving place to a
more substantial and connnodious class of structures with
all the appendages of the new and im[)rovcd residences ;
thus indicating that the inhabitants are prosperous and
turning their attention to a less precarious employment.
From an early period the fisheries have been carried on
with varied success at several points on the Cape, around
which have clustered villages of considerable extent ; al-
though in this section the business has declined, yet the
increased attention in others, esi)ecially at the "Harbor,"
has made Ghnicester the most important fishing place on
the continent.

The introduction of the stone business, which com
meuced at Pigeon Cove in 1824, and has, in a great de-
gree, supeVseded the fisheries, effected this change and has

119

largely contributed to the voalth and prosperity of this
peoi)le. ]\Iany companies have 1)een formed, and from
Sandy Bay to Annisqnam, a distance of six miles, huge
derricks thickly stud the landscape, and the sharp click of
the drill hammer has become a familiar sound. The
attention of the summer tourist to the seashore has had a
corresponding intluence in this direction. Many of the
retired and secluded spots on the shores of this county
have been appropriated for private residences, and others
are gradually being taken up for similar purposes. In
this immediate neighborhood the stone mansion of Gen.
B. F. Butler at Bay View is conspicuous. ]\Iany summer
visitors were in this place to pass the hot term — they
come literally in swarms, not only from the inland cities
and towns of New England, but from New York, the
West, and a few from the South. Many of the families
camp out by the shore in tents, while others are beginning
to have their ''cottage by the sea." The natural curios-
ities of this place, the woodland attractions, the rides,
embracing some of the grandest sea views in the world,
the shores generally high and bold, with fine beaches in
many places, the bracing and invigorating air — these
combined make this place a very desirable resort, in the
summer season, to the invalid, the tourist and the pleasure
seeker ; at other seasons to the sportsman for its sea fowl,
gunning and fishing ; and at all times to the naturalist for
its marine fauna and llora, its peculiar geologiciil forma-
tion and fine minerals found in the seams exposed during
the process of quarrying.

Mechanic's Hall, at Squam Point, was the place of ren-
dezvous for the day, where, on arrival, an informal meeting
was held, a cordial welcome extended, and arrangements
made for the various excursions. Some rambled over
the hills and on the shore, as inclination dictated ; some

120

enjoyed a pleasant sail in the harbor (several l)oats near
by were made available and bronght into requisition).;
others crossed over to Coffin's beach and farm on the
West Gloucester side to visit the beach and the rocky
cliffs upon which the sand had been bh)wn and had given
them, at a little distance, the appearance of sand hills,
and also to look for Indian shell heaps, usually found in
similar localities. In former times this opposite shore
was a mass of dense woods ; but they have been cleared
away and these sand heaps now give a variety to what
was formerly hills of grass and other vegetation. The
views from the high lands were very extensive and very
enjoyable ; Coffin's Beach, Castle Neck and Plum Island,
at the head of Ipswich Bay, were seen stretching away
to the northwest, but owing to a haze in the horizon
Agaraenticus and the Isles of Shoals, which are usually
visible from Lookout Hill, could not be seen. There
is also a curious trap dyke leading from one of the
camping houses and within a few minutes walk of the
place of rendezvous.

A little past noon the various parties began to reas-
semble in the hall to partake of their lunch, the people of
the village having kindly provided a bountiful supply
of tea and coffee, and extended other civilities, which
were gratefull}^ received ; afterwards adjourned to the
Universalist Church at the head of the Cove, Avhere the
public meeting was hold, commencing at 2 r. m.

( To he continued) .

BULLETIN

OF THE

Vol. 4. Saleji, Mass., September, 1872. No. 9.

One Dollar a Tear iu Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field MeetijS^g at Annisquam, Thursday,

August 8, 1872.

[ Con tinned . ]

The President in the chair. Records of precediug
meeting read.

The President in his opening remarks alluded briefly
to the objects of the Institute, the origin of the field
meetings, the opportunity offered thereby to gather infor-
mation, from every part of the county, of historical and
scientific value, and also to awaken an interest for these
pursuits in the several places visited. He mentioned that
two meetings the present season had previously been
held: one at Middleton, an inland town diversified with
hills and dales, wdth many by-paths skirted with shrub-
bery and flowering plants, with pleasant ponds and run-
ning streams ; on the shores of one of these ponds known
as Forest Lake was the rendezvous for the day ; the other
at Groveland, on the banks of the Merrimac, with the
Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 16

122

beautiful grove ou the river banks, hence its name, and
fine views from the several eminences in the centre of the
town. He said that this day they had come to the sea-
shore, the rock-bound coast, lashed in the wintry months
wdth the tempestuous waves, and that in the summer the
calm and placid waters, the cool and refreshing breezes
rendered it a most delightful retreat ; that here another
field was opened for their inspection, the marine fauna
and flora, and the peculiar geological formation of this
part of the coast.

The speaker reminded them that thej^ had come to a
new place, not newly settled but new to most of them,
and in common with the members of the Institute he had
found much enjoyment in visiting these new scenes and
attractions.

Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem was called upon and
made some interesting remarks founded on two specimens
which he had collected during his rambles in the forenoon.

INDIAN SHELL HEAPS.

He said that he had taken a boat and visited Coffin's
beach and the sand hills adjacent, Avith the hope of dis-
covering some of the Indian shell heaps which are fre-
quently found along the New England coast, often buried
beneath the sand drifts, and uncovered at other times by
the shifting of the sand. He h:id found but one such at
Coffin's farm as the excessive heat prevented him from
continuing his search. From this one he had obtained a
small piece of Indian pottery, which was passed round
and exhibited to the audience. He said this was a piece
of an ornamented pot, as was shown b}' the groove across
it, and iVoni the curvature of the piece it must have
been a part of a small vessel. Some of these [lots were

123

eighteen inches in diameter, and others quite small. The
Indian pottery was composed of clay and pounded clam
shells, and dried in the sun at first, though afterwards,
as they were used for cooking purposes, they had the
appearance of having been baked. These shell heaps
also contained axes, gouges, arrow-heads and otlier stone
implements, and particularly interesting was a kind of
lish spear made of bone. There was also found a kind
of awl made of bone, finely pointed and used by the
Indians for making holes in skins, etc. I3y an examina-
tion of the kitchen refuse heaps of the Indians, it could
be determined pretty accurately the kinds of animal food
that were used by them. Bones of the deer, moose, and
the other animals once common to this part of the coun-
tr}', had been found ; also the black bear, and in one
instance a tooth of a white bear, which indicated that
though this animal is an inhabitant of the arctic regions,
he might have been occasionally found, in times long
past, in these latitudes. In all, the bones of some ten
or twelve of the different kinds of mammalia had been
found in these refuse heaps. The bones of a bird now
extinct, as is believed, the last known specimen having
been taken in Greenland, the great auk, had been found.
This bird was of a heavy build and incapable of flight.
Of the fish, the Indians used all the common kinds here
taken, and they also consumed large quantities of the
fish known as the wolf fish, devil fish, or monk fish,
which we regard as unfit for food. More than two-thirds
of the fish bones found in many of these Indian refuse
heaps were of this species.

EGG CASE OF THE SKATE.

Another interesting specimen obtained by him was the
egg case of one species of the skate. This is found on

124

our beaches and is supposed by many persons to be a kind
of sea plant, being black and of the texture of dried
rockweed. In shape it very much resembles a hand bar-
row and one of its common English names is derived
from this resemblance. This case is formed in the ovi-
duct of the fish, and unlike the process in other oviparous
animals, where the shell is the last part of the egg pro-
duced, this case or shell is in part formed before the egg
is deposited in it. The egg, enclosed in the case, is then
laid and becomes attached to various substances by means
of hlameuts extending from the projections or tubes of
the case. After a while the young skates are hatched,
when the empty shell is driven on shore. jNIany of the
skates lay eggs of this character, others are viviparous.
The common dog fish, which is a species of shark, is vivip-
arous, and produces five or six young in a perfect state
at a time. Some of the larger species of sharks are
oviparous, others are viviparous. Mr. Putnam's remarks
were listened to with much interest, many of his facts
being new to a large portion of the audience.

HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE THIRD PARISH AT ANNISQUAM.

Rev. E. W. Coffin, of Orange, Mass., a former pastor
of the society at Annisquam for the term of five years,
was next called upon to give a short sketch of the history
of the society. He said that Mr. Hooper, the present
pastor, having been notified that it would be desirable for
him to give the meeting some information concerning the
rise and progress of the Parish in whose church they
were to assemble, and having made arrangements, which
he could not change without groat inconvenience, to be
absent on his summer vacation at the time of holding the
meeting, had requested him to supply the desired infor-
mation. He had, when pastor of the society, prepared and

125

delivered two discourses on its history, but as he did not
have them with him at this time, he could only avail him-
self of the matter contained in them, as far as his memor}'-
could serve him, and he might make some mistakes.
This was orio'inallv the third Con<>roi>;ational Parish in
Gloucester, the one in the harbor being the first, and the
one in the West Parish being the second. The first
minister settled over the parish was Benjamin Brad-
street, who was settled in 1728, and continued pastor till
his death in 1762. He had a numerous fomily, and one
of his daughters married James Day, a resident of this
village, and some of their descendants are living in this
neighborhood at the present time. From the best infor-
mation he (Mr. Coffin) could obtain, he believed that
the first meeting house, which probably stood near the
old burying-grouud at Bay View, was burned, and that
on the question of building another a division arose as to
the location, some of them wishing to rebuild on the old
site, and some on the site of the present church, and that
at a meeting of the Parish it was decided by a majority to
build on the old site, and that the frame of the l)uilding
was prepared and placed on the spot preparatory to rais-
ing it the next day. But when the people came to the
raising the next morning they found no frame there, the
friends of the present location, having, during the night,
removed the whole of the timl)er to this site. This action
settled the question as to location, and the meeting house
was built on the place where this church stands, and here
it stood till 1830, when it was replaced by this structure.'
Rev. John Wyeth was the next minister ; he was settled in
1766, but remained only two years. The parish could
not be called minister worshippers, as might be judged
from their peculiar way of hinting to Mr. Wyeth their
desire for a change : once a musket ball was fired just

126

over his head, and his black horse, during one night
while in the pasture, changed color by a liberal applica-
tion of whitewash. The pastor finally took the hint and
left, stopping at the top of the hill, and shaking the dust
from his feet as a testimony against them. The next
minister was Rev. Obadiah Parsons, who was an eloquent
man, and his pulpit services were very acceptable. Sto-
ries were circulated discreditable to his moral character,
however, and he was finally dismissed. It is related that
at the council called to consider his case, the principal
witness against him was a colored woman, and the ques-
tion arising whether the testimony of a colored person
should be received, it was decided at that early day not
to receive the same. The church remained without a
pastor until the Rev. Ezra Leonard, who is and ever will
be held in high veneration b}^ the people of Squam, w^as
settled in 1804, and remained pastor till his death in
1832. A remarkable change took place during his ad-
ministration, he publicly embracing the doctrine of Uni-
versalism in 1811, carrying the whole society with him,
with the exception of four or five families. In announcing
this change of views, he preached a Univcrsalist sermon,
and told them he believed this doctrine, and must preach
it if he preached at all. The parish voted to retain him
until his year expired, and in the following March the
record says it was voted that "he continue to preach the
gospel as usual." Mr. Coffin also gave a short sketch of
all the ministers of the parish since the death of Mr.
Leonard, but want of space forbids our following his
remarks further than giving their names, time of service
and brief individual notices.

Rev. Abraham Norwood, one year; Rev. Eli)ridgc
Trull, one year; Rev. fb)hn llaiiinian, three years; Rev.
Geo. C. L(^ach, (bur years ; Rev. i\I. R. Newell, three

127

years ; Rev. J. A. Bartlett, two years ; Rev. B. II. Clark,
one year ; Rev. E. "\V. Coffin, five years ; Rev. Nath'l
Gunnison, three 3ears ; Rev. E. Partridge, two jcars ;
Rev. L. L. Record, three years ; Rev. J. H. Tiiller, one
year; Rev. J. II. Willis, two years; Rev. F. A. Benton,
one 3'ear : bringing ns down to the present pastor, Rev.
Mr. Hooper, who was settled in 1871, and whose tempo-
rary alisence we regret to-day. The church, as a Uni-
versalist body, has had fifteen ministers, of whom only
seven survive.

Mr. Norwood has been an able and amiable minister,
residing now in Conn. Mr. Trull thought he could do
l)etter in furnishing medicine for the bochj, and so engaged
in the druggist business. Mr. Harriman left the ministry
and engaged in secular pursuits, and has been dead many"
years. Mr. Leach united with, and is now a member of,
the Catholic church. Mr. Newell committed suicide
about six years ago, in West Brattleboro', Vt. Mr.
Bartlett died a few 3'ears ago, having previously retired
from the ministry. Mr. Clark changed his view^s while
at Annisquam and never preached afterward. Mr. Coffin
has ever been, and is now a Universalist minister of the
conservative type, and is now settled in Orange, Mass.
Mr. Gunnison one of our most able and excellent minis-
ters, died two years ago, in Maine, of paralysis. Mr.
Partridge is yet alive, "hale and hearty," although "the
almond tree flourishes" to a perfect whiteness. Mr.
Record, a most excellent man and minister, left for the
higher life two years ago. Mr. Tuller is yet living in
one of the Avestern states. Mr. AVillis is now settled
in North Orange, Mass. ]Mr. Benton Avas a young man
of brilliant talents and a very good man, but too radical
to suit a majority of the parish at Annisquam. He is
now preaching to a radical society in the west.

128

Allen W. Dodge, Esq., of Hamilton, was the next
speaker. He said he had been introduced as the County
Treasurer, but he did not think that circumstance Avould
add much to the interest of his speech. He said if any
one had a draft ou him in his official capacity, he would
pay it at sight, but as to any scientific drafts, he should
require several days' grace on them. He said the world
regarded the acquisition of wealth as the only true suc-
cess, but he thought that the young men of this Institute
who had been sitting at the gates of the temple of nature,
and knocked till they had obtained an answer, and had
then given the knowledge thus obtained to the world had
attained a higher success. Mr. Dodge's remarks were
highly entertaining and valuable, and we regret that space
will not permit a more extended abstract of the same.

Rev. L. J. LiVERMORE of Cambridge, at present sup-
plying the Unitarian pulpit in Danvers, expressed his
appreciation of such organizations as the Essex Institute.

Hon. James Davis, the Trial Justice of Gloucester,
claimed to be a Squamer, and as such he had a right to
welcome the excursionists to-day, which he proceeded to
express in most cordial language.

Hon. J. J. Babson, of Gloucester, being called upon,
gave an interesting

historical sketch of annisquam.
Me. President : — In response to the call upon me for
some historical incidents connected with the spot upon
which we are assembled, I have merely to observe that
such of these incidents as are of general interest are very
few. Fabaous Capt. John Smith, 30U all know, made the

129.

first exploration of the coast of New England, from Pe-
nobscot Bay to Cape Cod, in 1614. Within these limits,
accordins: to his own acconnt, he "sounded about twenty-
five excellent, good liarl)ors," but whether the one some
of you have sailed upon to-day was included in the num-
ber or not, no one can tell. From the hills you have
looked out upon "Augoam" and the great bay "north of
the fair headland Tragabigzanda." We must rejoice that
this name, notwithstanding the romantic interest con-
nected with it, was soon changed for that of Ann, queen
of James I. The name Squam is an Indian word, first
occurring in print, so far as I knoAv, in William Wood's
map of Massachusetts, drawn in 1633, where it is spelled
AVouasquam. It also occurs in Winthroi^'s Journal, under
the year 1635 ; and at a little later date in Josselyu's "Ac-
count of Two Voyages to New England." He spells it
Wonasquam, and calls it "a dangerous place to sail by in
stormie weather, by reason of the many rocks and foam-
ing breakers."

The scenic features of this locality are very noticeable ;
and, considering the rugged character of its surface, it is
hardly surprising that eighty-six years elapsed after the
incorporation of the town before a sufficient number of
inhabitants were found on it to set up a distinct parish
organization. Of this, and its ministers, Mr. Coffin, one
of the number, has just given us an interesting account.
He miglit, if time had permitted, have enlarged much
upon the ministry of Rev. Ezra Leonard. I look upon
the conversion of this pastor and his people from the an-
cient faith of the New England churches to the doctrine
of universal salvation as one of the most remarkable
events in the histor}-- of the town. Here is a minister, a
graduate of BroAvn University, educated in the strictest
doctrines of Calvinism, and settled over a church which
Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 17

130

has for many yeai-s listened to him as the exponnder and
advocate of these doctrines, who announces to his people
that a great change in his religious belief has taken place,
and that he must, if not there, elsewhere, henceforth
preach a doctrine he has all his life been laboring to de-
stroy; and these people, after serious deliberation, con-
clude that it is better to change their religion than to
change their minister. This action Avas a striking testi-
monial to the superiority of christian character over sec-
tarian profession, and the result of it was an abundant
harvest of religious harmony and joy throughout the
twenty years of his continued ministry. The memories
of these people are even now, fcn-ty ^ears after his death,
full of the kind words and good deeds of this honored
and beloved pastor. The description of the good minis-
ter in Goldsmith's "Deserted Village" will apply to him.
"Iil'en his failings leaned to virtue's side;" so, at least,
must have thought the poor, ill-shod woman wdiom he met
in the road as he was walking home (me wintry day, and
to whom he gave the pair of shoes, which, to supply an
urgent need of his wife, he had been to the harbor to buy.

Rev. C. E. Barnes of Salem felt a deep interest in the
study of nature. He believed that the more we knew of
nature, the more plainly should we perceive that the God
of creation was the God of revelation.

Dr. Addison Davis of Boston, a Squam l)oy, spoke
most eloquently of the swarm of B's al)ounding here :
beauties, beaches, berries, bclk^s, etc. He was glad that
the Institute had come here, for he knew tliat thc\' would
come again. Men who stud^^ do know something better
in quality and quantity than those who do not, and they
increase the sum of human happiness.

131
The Librarian announced the following: additions : —

By Donation.

AnnoTT, C. C, of Trenton, N. J. Official Register of tlio OiTicei-s and Men of
New Jersey in the llevolutionary War. 1 vol. 8vo. Trenton. X. J. 1872.

Gate. S. M. The Pellet, a paper at the Ilomooopathlc Fair, Boston, April, 1872.

FOOTE, Caleb. Files of several County papers. May, June, July, 1872.

Green', S. A., of Boston. Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Boston
City Hospital. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1SG8. Miscellaneous pamplilets, 47.

Griffin', La Rov. of Aiulover. Catalogue of Phillips Academy. 1871-2.

Hayden", F. V. U. .'>. Geological Survey of the Territories. Profiles, Sketches,
etc. 1 vol. Ito. Xew York, 1872.

Peabody Acadejiy' op Science, Salem. Memoirs. Vol. i, No. 3.

POORE, B. Perley, of West Newbury. [J. S. Official Register, 1871. 1 vol. Svo.
Post Office Directory, 1 vol. Svo. Wasliington and Georgetown Directories for
18CS, 18(59, 1870. 3 vols. Svo.

Salem National Bank. Boston Daily Advertiser, 1871, 1872.

Salem Marine Insi^rance Comp.\ny. New York Commercial Advertiser,
1858, 18.59. 18G0, 3 vols, folio. New York Daily Advertiser, 18G1, 1 vol. folio. New
York Shipi)iug List, 18.')7-8, 1858-9, ISGO, 1801, 4 vols, folio. Boston Daily Adver-
tiser, 1854, 1857, 1858, 18G0. 1861, 5 vols, folio.

Spencer, Thomas, of Bransby, near Lincoln, Eng. Doomsday Book Transla-
tion by Chas. G. Smith, 1 vol. Svo. Battle of Agincourt, 1 vol. Svo. London, 1S33.

Spofford, Dr., of Groveland. Genealogy of the SpolTord Family, 1 vol. 12mo.

By Exchange.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memoirs of. Vol. x, Pt. 1, 18G8.
Proceedings of, sigs. .38-51 of Vol. viii. 1870.

Arciiiv fuu Antiiropologie. Bd. v. Heft II, 1872. 4to pamph.

Bibliotiieque Universelle et Revi:e Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phy-
siques ct Naturelles. Nos. 1G(!-173, 1872. 5 pamphlets, Svo.

Canadian Institute, of Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Science, Litera-
ture and History, Vol. xiii, No. 4. July, 1872.

Gesellschaft NATURFORScnENDER Freunde zu BERLIN. Sitzungs-Bericlite,
1871. Svo pamph.

Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa. Apr., 1872. Svo pamph.

K. K. ZooL. Botan. Gesellschaft in Wein. Verhandluugen, Yahrg., 1871.
Bd. xxi. 1 vol. Svo.

KoNGLiGA Svenska Vetenskaps AiCADEsnifeN STOCKHOLM. Oversigt,Bd. xxvi,
xxvii, 18G9. 1870. Lefnadsteckningar, Bd. i, Hafte II, 1870. Handlingar, Bd. vii,
viii, ix, 18G8, 1869, 1870.

L'iNSTiTUT Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg. Publications, Tome xii,
Svo pamph. 1872.

' N.\TURAVISSENSCHAFTLICHER GESELLSCHAFT ISIS IN DRESDEN. SitzUngS-

Berichte. Oct., Nov., Dec, 1871. Svo pamph.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Hist. Gen. Register and
Antiquarian Journal, .Inly, 1872, Svo pamph.

Royal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for
1870. Svo pamph.

SENCKENBEUGISCHE N.VTURFORSCHEN-DE GE.SELLSCHAFT IN FRANTCI^URT. Ab-

handlungen, Bd. viii, Pt. I. II. 4to pamph. Bericht, 1870. 1871. Svo pamph.

132

Society D'Acclimatatiox. Bulletin. IMeusucl. 2me Serie. Tome ix, 1S72.

Vereix zuu Befordekuxg des Gartesbaues in Berlin. Wochenschiift,
Jahrg, xiv. Numbers l-.'52. 1871.

Zeitsciiuift fur die Gesammten Natcewissenschaften in Berlin. Bd.
iv, July-Dei;., 1871. 6 pamphlets. 8vo.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Cliristian World. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem
Observer.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

J. W. Balch, Boston, July 31; J. Prescott. Boston, July 30; Boston Public
Library, July 22; Bowdoin College, Trustees, Aug. .5; Buffalo Historical Society,
July 22. Aug. 2; Frankfort-a-M., Die Senkenbergisclie Naturforschende Gesell-
schaft, Mar. 19; Loudon Royal Society', July 1 ; Maine Historical Society, Aug. 5;
Maryland Historical Society, July 2.3; New England Historic-Genealogical Soci-
ety, Aug. 5; New York Historical Society, July 19, 22, Aug. 3; Ohio Historical
and Philosophical Society, July 30; Rhode Island Historical Society, Aug. 1;
Stockholm, L. Academic Royale Suedoise des Sciences, Avril, Mai 8.

The President read the following letters from Messrs.
Thomas Spencer and E. W. Farley, which were addressed
to him and had recently been received.

Bransby, NEAR Lincoln, lOtli 7th mo., 1872.

De.vr Sir: — I have this day forwarded, by son Franklin wlio sails
from Liverpool in the "Spain" for New York, a partuil translation of
Doomsday book and hope that it may be accepted as a small contri-
bution to the historical department of the Institute. I am prompted
to do so by the fact that on one of my voyages from Salem to the old
countiy, some Salem gentlemen requested me to hunt up a full trans-
lation of the original Doomsday. This commission I could not execute
and I am not now aware that such a translation is extant. Witli this
volume there is a map of England which exhibits a picture of the
country very much as the Pilgrim fathers left it behind them.

I have forwarded by the same conveyance History of the "Battle of
Agincourt" because it contains the Roll Call of the principal English
gentry, the class who followed our lifth Henry in his famous expedi-
tion. I remember on one occasion hearing the Kev. Mr. Wllhington
of Newbury quote from this Roll Call to prove from the similarity of
names that the principal part of the early settlers of New Eugland
were fpm the same class. This little reminiscence prompted me to
send the History. It is not a readable book any more than Doomsday,

133

but it may have au interest for the archaeologist and, peradventure, a
place iu the historical department. It is a cherished doctrine of mine
that the history of old England and New England are identical up to
the great Kevolution.

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of books and papers relating to
the antiquities of Salem and its vicinity, together with some that
exhibit a pleasant picture of the happy life of the good people of the
good old town. Long may they continue to enjoy their happiness.
I remember with affectionate gratitude their kindness to me and mine
when we were poor and strangers among them. Believe me, dear Dr.
Wheatland, thy sincere friend and humble coadjutor,

Thomas Spexckr.

New Castle, Maine, July 29, 1872.

Dear Sir: — During my pleasant call at the rooms of the Institute,
at Plummer Hall, in October last, in company with my friend, Cyrus
Woodman, Esq., of Cambridge, I promised to send you a history of
the oak arm-chair, which I saw there, which was presented to the
Essex Historical Society, June 27, 1821, by the late Robert Brook-
house, Esq., of Salem.

This I should have done long since, had I not been waiting to make
a lit disposition of another chair, the mate of yours, at that time iu my
possession and wliich has a history similar to yours, down to the time
the latter went into the possession of Mr. Brookhouse.

I have given mine to Bowdoin College, for a Commencement Chair,
with a plate added, suitably inscribed. As my letter to President
Chamberlain, of that Institution, embraces all that is of interest con-
nected with both chairs, including a chest and a tape loom, all of
which comprised a set of four pieces of furniture, formerly belonging
to the Dennis family, of Ipswich, in your county, I send you by this
mail, a copy of the Brunswick Telegraph, of July 2Cth inst. containing
the letter, and it is unnecessary for me to add any thing farther to the
subject of this communication.

Yours very respectfully,

E. W. Farley.

The following extract from the letter of Mr. Farley to
President Chamberlain was then read.

Its history is this : it was brought from England, probably in 1635,
when Daniel and Thomas Dennis, the first emigrants, so far as I can
discover, of the Dennis family of Ipswich, Essex County, Mass., came
over. This chair, with its mate, similar in style, though a size smaller

134

(from which circumslanco, I infer that it was for the matron of tlie
house), an oaken chest, about 2 feet G inches in length, by 1 foot G
inches in width, with legs, and a lid, its sides carved like the cliair, and
a small tape loom, such as tlie ladies of the olden time used to manu-
facture their garter stuff, comprised a set of four pieces of furniture,
which my paternal grandmother, Sarah Dennis, wife of John Farley,
both of said Ipswich, bro-ight to this town, to which they removed in
1772 or 1773. Its mate, through Robert Brookhouse, of Salem, Mass .
who married a daughter of my grandfatiier Farley, found its way back
to Essex County, and was presented by him to the Essex Historical
Society (since merged in the Essex Institute), on the day of its
organization, June 27, 1821, and was occupied by the venerable Dr.
Holyoke, its tirst President. It is now at the rooms of the Institute,
at Plummcr Hall, in Salem. Some years afterwards, the chest went
into the possession of Mr. Brookhouse,' aiid is now in the possession
of his daugliter (by a second wife), Mrs. Perkins, wife of Judge Per-
kins, of Salem. The tape loom has been lost, or destroyed.

That chest bears the date of 1630. David Dennis, a brother of niv
grandmother, Sarah Dennis, aforesaid, who died at Nobleboro', in
this State, in October, 1843, aged 92. told me a few months prior to his
decease, that these pieces of furniture were then more than 200 years
old. His statement, taken in connection with tiie date upon the chest,
establishes, I think, beyond reasonal)le cavil, the age of the chair.

Mr. R. Knowland of Marblehead, tifter a few pvcliini-
nary remarks, offered a resolution of thanks to the pro-
prietors of the ehiirch, to Messrs. James S. Jewett,
Georo'c Norwood, Josiah Friend, John D. Davis, Elias
Davis, Jr., A. F. Bragdon, W. E. Dennis, John A. Going,
James A. Dennison, Fred. Davis, Fred. W. Lane, James
Davis, E. W. Coffin, and all others who had been aetive
in their attentions, during this pleasant vi^it to Anni-
squam. The resolution Avas unanimously adopted.

The meeting closed at 4 oVlock and the party was con-
veyed from the church to the raih'oad station in carriages
in waiting and departed highly pleased Avith their excur-
sion, both as to the kind reception by the people of the
village and the beautiful scenery and views presented on
every liand.

135

CATAI-OGITE OF THE MAIMMALS OF FLORIDA, WITH NOTES OS
THEIR HABITS, DISTRIBUTION. ETC.— Bv C. J. Maynakd.

INTUODl'CTIOX.

Tiir, followiiiii- paper i.s the result of notes taken during tliree win-
ters' travel in Florida. These journeys were undertaken mainly for
the purpose of studyiuij: the habits of the birds found in this reijion,
but considerable attention was also paid to the inaniuials. The t'lvst
trip was made duriug the winter of 18G8-G9, when the country about
the lower St. John's, Lake Harney, and the eastern coast, north of
Cape Canaveral, was explored. At this time I was accompanied by
Messrs. C. A. Thurston and J. F. LeBaron, who served as assistants.
The second journey was accomplished duriug the season of 1870-71.
Then the country on the western coast about Cedar Keys, and the
southern portion of Florida, including the Keys aud Everglades, were
visited. I was assisted in my researches by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, and
accompanied by my artist friend, Mr. E. L. \Yeeks.

The ensuing winter (1871-72) found me once more on the St. John's
Kiver. The country along this river was explored as far as South
Lake; then w^e visited Indian River and examined the coast as far as
Spruce Creek on the north, south to Jupiter Inlet. I was accom-
panied by an assistant, Mr. E. C. Greenwood, and Messrs. G. W.
Wiuegar, T. P. Barnes, Jr. and F. A. Ober. I am indebted to the
gentlemen named for notes aud specimens. I would also tender my
tluinks to Capt. Douglass Dummett of East Florida, Dr. J. V. Harris
of IMiami, Mr. J. L. Burton, wlio served me well as a guide, for valu-
able notes and assistance, and to Prof. S. F. Baird, Dr. Harrison
Allen aud Mr. J. A. Allen for kindness in identifying specimens.

Besides the notes upon the habits, distribution, etc., of the species
given, some of which may perhaps be new, I have been able to add
one species to the fauna of the United States, one to the easteru sec-
tion of the Union and one to Florida. A few other mammals than
those given may occur in the state, especially the smaller species.
But I trust this will prove a tolerably correct catalogue of the mam-
mals which inhabit Florida.

FELIDiE.

1. Felis concolor Linn.
Pantlier, Tiger, Puma.

This large cat is very common on Indian River, in the interior and
more southern sections of the state, but is not found on the Keys. It
is quite a formidal)le animal, growing sometimes to be eleven feet in
longtli. measuring from tlie end of the nose to the tip of the tail, and

136

if its courage corresponded with its size it would be a dangerous foe
to the inhabitants. It is, however, exceedingly cowardly and I never
knew of any well authenticated instance of its attacking man, al-
though some stories were related of its carrying away young children,
which may have been true. The puma is capable of performing such
feats, for it possesses gi'eat strength. Capt. Dummett informed me
that he had shot one near his plantation in the autumn of 1871, which
had killed a full grown buck and was devouring it.

Like many of this family the puma is nocturnal in its habits and
remains concealed in the dense swamps and hummocks during the
day, commonly reclining on the limb of a tree. It is said to drop
upon its prey from such an elevation, and many old hunters warned
me against passing through the thick woods in the early morning or
late in the evening as they said that the tigers were usually on the
alert at such times and might be tempted to spring upon one if he
were alone. It is very inquisitive when its dominions are invaded
during the day, and will often follow the intruder for some distance,
uttering a low, moaning cry, but is always careful to keep concealed.

Besides this peculiar low note it emits a variety of harsh sounds,
some of which are only given during the night, and are quite terri-
fying when first heard, especially one in particular which resembles
the scream of a woman in extreme agony. This cry is more fre-
quently given in March, when the males are in pursuit of the females.
I think the young are dropped in the autumn. Skins of this animal
which I have seen from Florida are of a decidedly rufous color Avithout
spots or bars. It may be well to remark that I have frequently heard,
from hunters, of tigers which were not only of a larger size than the
common species, but which were said to be spotted. I never saw a
specimen, but it is not impossible that the closely allied species Felis
onca may be found here, although I hardly think it probable.

[To be contiiuced.]

BULLETIN

ESSEX: in^STITTJTE.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., October, 1872. No. 10.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

CATALOGUE OF THE ilAMM ALS OF FLORIDA, WITH NOTES ON THEIR
ILVBITS, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.— BY C. J. Maynard.

[Continued.]

2. Lynx rnfns Eafixesque.
Common Wild Cat.

This animal is abundant even on the borders of the settled districts.
It is quite annoying to the planters, for it not only commits serious
inroads upon hen I'oosts, but frequently carries oflf young pigs. It is
a nocturnal animal, and is seldom seen abroad during the day, but
conceals itself in the tliiclc hummocks. During the season when the
males are in pursuit of the females it may be occasionally met with,
especially in the morning and evening. At this time its loud and
varied cries are heard, sometimes during tlie daj', but oftener during
the night. This is naturally a cowardly animal, and will invariably fly
from man when it has the power to do so. The wild cats are only as
large as setter dogs, yet they possess great strength, and a man re-
quires considerable determination to attack one when placed in such
a situation that it cannot escape. My friend, Mr. Thurston, once
seized a full grown male, that was only slightly stunned by a cliarge
of dust shot, and strangled it, but did not escape without receiving
some scratches. xVlthough shy when faced, they will often approach
quite near one when sleeping in the open air, and I have upon two

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 18

138

occasions been awakened by their cries to find the beasts within a few
feet of me, but upon my moving tliey instantly sprang away.

Florida specimens of this species are fully as large as those from
more northern localities. I give the dimensions of a full grown male
taken at Dummett's. From nose to eye, 1-80; to ear, 4"78; to occiput,
6-00; to root of tail, 33-00; to outstretched hind leg, 48-00. Tail to
end of vertebra, 7-75; to end of hair, 8-60. Length of hind leg, 7-00.
Length of hand, 4-40; width, 2-00. In color Florida wild cats are
much more rufous than those from the north, and are inclined to be
more spotted.

CaXID/E.

3. Canis lupus Linn.
Gray Wolf.

The stronghold of these wolves is at present in what is called the
"Gulf Hummock" in western Florida, where they ai-e quite numerous.
According to Mr. F. A. Ober they are also found about the Kissinee
River and Lake Okechobee. I saw the tracks made by a single ani-
mal near Salt Lake. It was accustomed to pass along a sandy road
every night for the greater pai't of the time which we remained in the
vicinity. My guide, Mr. Burton, who had resided near this place for
some months, infoi'med me that he had never seen it, nor had any of
the settlers, although it was frequently heard to howl. I did not
meet with any wolves about Miami nor do I think that they occur
south of the Everglades. Individuals who have frequently taken this
species describe them as being very dark colored, usually quite black.

4. Vulpes Viryinianus Eichardson.
Gray Fox.

Common in the wilder districts. This little fox does not appear to
do any great degree of mischief on the plantations and it is pi'obable
that it finds sufficient wild game to satisfy its appetite. I once sur-
prised one that was cautiously making its way towards a large bevy
of quails with the evident intention of capturing some. Specimens
from Florida are quite gray in color, especially upon the upper parts.

MUSTELID.E.

5. Patorius liUreolus Cuvier.
Mink.

I saw but a single specimen of this animal- This was on the St.
John's River above Blue Springs, where one swam across the river
but a short distance in advance of our boat. I did not loam that it
was at all common ; indeed, nearly all the hunters seemed entirely
unacquainted with it.

139

One feature, noticed in skins of this species taken in Maine and
New Hanipsliire, which [ have never seen mentioned, is the presence
of white hairs whicli are more or less numerous in the dark colors of
the back. This species appears inclined to albinism, but the appear-
ance of the white hairs is not the result of this disease, for in every
instance that I have seen of an approach to all)inism the fur turns
white first and the hair afterwards.

6. Lutra Canadensis Sabixe.

Otter.

Verj' abundant throughout the greater part of the state. I found
them as numerous on Indian River as in the interior, but did not meet
with them at Miami, in the Everglades or among the Keys. The fur
is of little value in comparison with northern skins; the best winter
pelts being worth but five dollars each in Boston. The usual price
paid iu Jacksonville is from seventy-five cents to one dollar, conse-
quently they are not hunted much and therefore are not shy. They are
quite inquisitive and will sometimes follow a boat for some distance,
or approach any one standing upon the shore. At the same time they
will utter a short, continuous grunt. Otters may frequently be seen
chasing each other sportively through the water, and while we were
in the vicinity of South Lake, my guide, Mr. Burton, called my atten-
tion to certain smooth paths in a sandy spot, which he said wei'e otter
slides. They appear to amuse themselves by dragging their bodies
over the smooth sand, just as the same species glide down snow-
covered river-banks at the north. The slides in Florida were situated
at some distance from the water.

The color of adult otters from this state is strongly inclined to
reddish-brown, but the young which are dropped iu February are very
dark. I think I never saw a moi'e beautiful animal than a young
specimen of this species which was captured at the head of Indian
River by Mr. Thurston. It was only about two weeks old, yet was
covered with a fine coat of exceedingly glossy fur.

7. Mephitis mephitica Baiud.

Common Skunk.

This species seems to be restricted to the more northern portions
of the state. Specimens taken iu this region present the same varia-
tion regarding the distribution of the black and white which is no-
ticeable in this animal elsewhere. Although the amount of the above
named colors is changeable, it is unusual to see the skunk of a dif-
ferent hue; yet Mr. F. A. Ober of Beverly has a specimen which was
taken in that place, that is marked in a very singular manner, inas-

140

much as tliose portions which are usually black are in this instance
pale brown or fawn.

8. Mephitis hicolor Gray.
I-ittle Striped Skunk.

This pretty little species which, previous to my discovering it
in Florida, was not known to occur east of the Mississippi, is very
abundant in certain sections of the state. They are confined to the
narrow strip of land which lies between Indian River and TurnbuU
Swamp, being found as far north as New Smyrna and south to Jupiter
Inlet. They appear to take the place of the common skunk, which
does not occur in this section. They frequent the scrub, and traces
of them may be seen at all times, for they have the habit of digging
small holes in search of insects, like the preceding species. These
skunks are easily domesticated and I have frequently known of their
being used in the houses for the purpose of catching mice. Some-
times the animals are captured and the scent glands removed, but
they are often simply decoyed about the premises by exposing food,
when they will take up their abode beneath the buildings, and will
soon become so tame as to enter the various apartments in search of
their prey.

Ursid^.

9. Procyon lotor Stork.

Eaccoon.

"Very numerous both upon the mainland and among the Keys, even
frequenting the low mangrove islands which are overflowed by every
tide. They subsist upon flsh and crabs to a great measure when upon
the seashore, but in the interior they live chiefly upon the fluviatile
mollusks (Unio, Pomus, etc.). They are strictly nocturnal, seldom
appearing abroad during the day.

In color the Florida raccoon dilfers from New England specimens in
being more ruibus; the black markings are not as conspicuous, the
dark rings on the tail being sometimes nearly ol)solete ; in fact, adult
specimens from Florida in this respect resemble those from New
England.

10. Vrsiis Amerkamts Pai-l.vs.
Black Bear.

Very common, especially in the unsettled districts; giving the in-
habitants considerable trouble by destroying young pigs. Although
extremely abundant in certain sections, as the numerous tracks indi-
cate, it is diflioult to see one, for they chiefly move about during
the niglit. The bears of Florida do not liibernate, but are not quite
as active Huring tlie winter months as in summer. Tlic young are

141

born in earlj' spring, after Avliich the females are said to be somewhat
dangerons, especially if surprised Avheu with their cubs; but at other
times both sexes are arrant cowards. They will not even molest one
when sleeping, but will always avoid the presence of man when aware
of it. I have made my bed in a bear path and, in the morning, found
by the tracks made by them iu the night that they made a wide cir-
cuit rather than pass near me.

The food of the Florida bears is variable. During the early winter
they feed on the berries of the common and the saw palmettoes; later
in the season the}" eat the tender new growth, or buds, of the above
mentioned plants ; for this purpose thej' w'ill climb the tallest palmetto
and with their strong claws will tear out the "cabbage," as the new
growth is sometimes called, and eagerlj' devour it. The removing of
this bud is no easy task even to an experienced person provided with
an axe, yet Bruin's great strength enables him to force the tough leaf-
stalks asunder with the gi'eatest of ease. Trees which have been
treated in this rough manner invariably die and a large number may
be seen in this condition iu any cabbage swamp.

When the king or horseshoe crabs come on shore to deposit their
spawn, the bears resort to the shore and, after turning the crustaceans
over, scoop out their softer parts. They ai-e also aware of the time
when the sea turtle lay, and during the mouths of June and July walk
the beaches nightl}' and devour the eggs. Indeed, so persistently do
tliey hunt for them that it is almost impossible to find a nest that has
been undisturbed.

The bears of this state are fullj' as large as those from New Eng-
land, and the hair is as dark colored. I have also seen skins that
were but little inferior to northern ones in woolliness, but generally
they are only covered with hair. One which I procured at Dummett's
in the winter of 1869 is singularly marked, for it has brownish lines
starting from the point of each shoulder and extending down the legs
on the inside. The other portion of the hair is black. The young
for a year or two are strongly inclined to reddish-brown. The bears
inhabit the entire portion of the mainland, but are seldom found on
the Keys.

Cervid^.

11. Cariacus Virginianus Gray.

Common Deer.

Very numerous in almost all sections. The deer of Florida are not
likely to be exterminated very soon, not only because of their abun-
dance, but because the inhabitants do not kill them wantonly, know-
ing that they are extremely valuable to them for food, and the tourists
who possess sufficient skill to capture any number of them are scarce.

142

When we first attempted to huut deer we were almost always un-
successful, even rarely being able to see one, and were informed by
the hunters that w^e did not go out at the right time. Upon ques-
tioning them they told us that the deer were governed in their time
of feeding by the moon. An hour before moonrise the animals arose
from their beds or came out of the hummocks to feed upon the grass
in the clearings, or in the piuj^ woods, continuing until after the moon
Avas up. An hour before the moon southed {i. e., attained its highest
altitude) they did the same thing, and also when it was directly be-
neath the earth, making in all eight hours feeding time. At first I
laughed at this as an old hunter's notion, for although it is easy to
understand why the deer should feed at those times Avhen the moon
rises near night and sets near morning, it is difficult to perceive whj'
they should conform to the same I'ule through all the varying phases.
But after three seasons' experience I am obliged to acknowledge that
as far as my observation extends this theory is correct. The deer
are certainly seen feeding much more frequently during these stated
times than at others. Of course one occasionally meets a straggling
animal at other hours, but I never found any number on their feet at
any other time. All the hunters with whom I have conversed also
confirm this. Another singular fact is that the great horned owls
hoot at the feeding time of the deer, even if it be broad daylight. I
have observed this fact on many occasions, and the hunters, when
they hear the owls, say "now the deer are feeding."

Early in February the deer moult. The bucks then lose their horns
and the does arc lieavy with young, which tiiey drop in March. Before
the moult the hair is of a bluish color, but after shedding they take on
a sleek coat of fine reddish hue. This animal is found in all sections,
even on the Keys. They inhabit small islands where they can obtain
little or no fresh water, yet deer from these localities are noticeably
lai'ger than those from the mainland. Of this fact I iiave been assured
by Lord Parker, an English gentleman who has spent several winters
in Florida, and who has killed a large number of these animals in all
sections of the state.

Manatid^e.

12. Trichedius manatus Linx.

iManatee.

This singular animal is fuund in large numbers about the inlets of
Indian liiver, and Capt. Dummett informs me that he has captured
specimens as far north as his place, which is within five miles of the
head of the river. I have been informed by creditable authorities
that it is reNnarkably abundant upon tlie western coast in tlie various
rivers and creeks which abound between Tampa Bay and Cape Sable.

143

I have never seen it in Mosqnito or Halifax Lagoons and am confident
that it docs not occur there. This species is said to feed upon the
leaves of the mangrove during the night.

DELPIIIXID.E.

13. Delphinus erebennus Cope.
Porpoise.

A large number of porpoises Avhich T take to be this species occur
abundantly about the bays, salt water rivers and along the entire
coast of Florida. It is also probable that a second species may be
found.

Vkspertilioxid^.

14. Lasiurus Xoveboracensis Guay.
Red Bat.

Common in the more northern sections of the state, frequenting
the woods. During the day they rest hanging head downwards upon
the leaf of a tree. Specimens captured are not only smaller in size
than those from the north, but are much deeper in color ; the fur,
however, is generally tipped with ash.

15. Scotophilus fuscus H. Allen.
Carolina Bat.

Common throughout the northern sections, but more abundant in
the vicinity of settlements.

I once captured a female specimen of this species which was heavy
with young, placed her in a cage and left her. After an absence of
an hour or so I returned and found that she had escaped, but had left
a young one clinging to the woodwork on the side. The little thing
was entirely naked, but was furnished with teeth, which it showed
when handled and endeavored to bite, squeaking after the manner of
all these animals. I replaced it in the cage, where it remained until
night, but in the morning it was gone and I supposed that its mother
had carried it away.

16. Scotophilus Georrjianus H. Allen.

Georgia Bat.

Two bats which I haveMn my collection, that were shot about ten
miles south of Salt Lake, I think are of this species. The specimens
were taken in the evening and were flying about near a small pond in
the piny woods.

17. Xycticejus crepuscxilaris H. Allen.

Mr. J. A. Allen in the "Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology" (Vol. ii, No. 3, p. 174) states that there is a specimen of

144

tins bat in the museum at Cambridge -u'liich was collected in Florida
by Mr. Charles Belknap.

18. Corynorhinns macrotis H. Allex.
Big-eared Bat.

Dr. Harrison Allen in his monogram of North American Bats (p.
55) cites a specimen of this species which was collected in Micanopy,
Florida, by Ur. Bean.

NOCTILIOXID^.

19. Nyctinomus nasutus Tomks.

A bat was shot by a member of my party on the St. John's River,
near Jacksonville, early in the winter, which I am confident was of
this species. This specimen was unfortunately lost.

SlIENODERMIDiE.

20. Artiheus perspiccilalune Maynard.
Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat.

"While at Key West in the early winter of 1870, I observed several
large bats flying about the city, which closely resembled in flight a
species which I had seen in northern Florida two years before, but
which flew so high that I was unable to shoot them. I was very
anxious to obtain a specimen, but as shooting was prohibited in the
streets of the city of Key West, and as I never saw the bats else-
where on the island, feared that I should be obliged to go away with-
out one. I was, therefore, agreeal)ly surprised one morning to see a
boy enter my room with a bat in his hand, which from its large size
I knew could be no other than the species which I had so long desired
to obtain. He said that he had found it hanging upon the leaf of a
tree and had killed it with a piece of limestone. It is a leaf-nosed
bat, and Dr. Harrison Allen has kindly identified it, from sketches
sent to him, as the above species. This is, I think, the first instance
on record of a bat of this form being taken on the Atlantic slope.
This species, without doubt, inhabits the whole of Florida. Thej- fly
early in the evening, often before sunset, and, as has been remarked,
usually ver3' high.

None of the bats of Florida appear to hibernate, or at l)est thoy
only remain quiet during an occasionally cold night.

SORECID.E.

21. Jilarinn brevicaudn et talpoidcs Baihd.
^ Mole Sliivw.

I found a single specimen of this little species in an unused cistern.

145

at Miami. I have never seen it elsewhere in tlie state, although it
probably occurs.

TALPIDJ5.

22. Scalops aquaticus Fischer.
Shrew Mole.

Very common at Blue Spring, where they do considerable damage
by disturbing the roots of vegetables and plants in the cultivated
fields. They ai-e also said to eat sweet potatoes. They form their
burrows only an inch or two below the surface ; throwing up ridges
so that their presence is readil.v detected. This work is usually per-
formed during the night.

SCIURID^.

23. Sciu7-iis nigrr Linx.
Southern Fox Squirrel.

Quite common in the piny woods, but I do not think that they are
ever to be found in the hummocks. Tliey feed upon the seeds of the
pines and are therefore usually found in the tops of the trees which
are commonly high; thus it is quite difficult to procure specimens,
as on the approach of the hunter they conceal themselves among the
thick foliage. They are extremely variable in color, specimens being
found which exhibit all shades of coloration from pale rufous to black
or dusky. The latter colors predominate, however. I think this spe-
cies is confined to the more northern portions of the state, as I have
never seen it at Miami.

24. Scutrus Carolinensis G:melix.
Gray Squirrel.

Very abundant in the northern and central sections of the state,
but singularly I did not see it at Miami, or among the Keys. They
inhabit the hummock* and are seldom seen in the piny woods. They
have much the same habits as those which inhabit New England.
But I cannot now remember of ever having seen a nest of sticks and
leaves such as this species construct in the north. Specimens are
not only smaller in size, but are also more rufous than northern indi-
viduals. I have never seen a specimen of the black variety in Florida
and am coufldeut that it seldom, if ever, occurs.

Geomyix^.

25. Geomys pineti R.\finesque.

Salamander.

This singular animal is conlined to the more northern portions of
the state, none being found south of Lake Ilai-ney. They inhabit the
dry pine barrens, where in the process of burrowing they throw up

Essex Inst. Buli.etix. iv 19 '

146

little mounds which in some sections are quite numerous. They are
provided with large cheek pouches, with which the}' are said to con-
vey the earth to the surface. The salamander is seldom seen abroad
during the day, and if they ever leave the burrows it is in the night.
When by any accident they appear above ground in the daylight, they
seem confused, and may be readily captured.

MURIDJE.

26. Mus deciimanns Pallas.
Brown Rat.

Found abundantly at Jacksonville, not only in the city, but on the
neighboring plantations. I do not remember of having observed it
elsewhere in Florida. I have never seen a specimen of the common
mouse (mus musculus) in the state.

27. Mus tectorum Savi.
White-bellied Rat.

The first instance of my finding this species in Florida was at
Miami. There was an old cistern here which was formerly used by
the troops which were stationed at old Fort Dallas. It was about
ten feet deep, having cemented sides, and contained nearly two feet of
water. Several species of the smaller rodents were frequently found
dead and floating on the surface, having evidently fallen in while
attempting to reach the water. Among them was a specimen of the
white-bellied rat. As this was the only instance of nw taking it in
the southern section of the state I am unable to give any account of
its habits there. But I found it in immense numbers at Salt Lake,
inhabiting the moist prairies. Here they build nests near the tops of
the grass, somewhat after the manner tliat the white-footed mouse
builds in bushes at the North. This species was probably introduced
into the country from the vessels of the early Spanish discoverers.
In the old world it inhabits the thatched roofs of houses, from which
we may infer that this species originally found its home among thick
reeds or grasses, of which the roofing would probably be composed.
Thus in the white-bellied rat of the wilds of Florida we have an
example of a species instinctively returning to its primitive habits,
even though its ancestors from force of circumstances have for nianj'
generations dwelt in a diflerent manner.

28. Ilcsperomys Icncnpus Wagneh (= cogiiatux, mijuidcs
ct (/ossypinus of authors).

Wliite-footed Mouse.

This mouse is very abundant throughout all sections of the main-
land of Florida, infesting the houses of the smaller settlements after

147

llic manner of the common mouse. I have also known tliis to occur
in New Enghmd, especially in isolated buildings. I can see no reason
why the so-called gossypinus should be separated from leucopiis, as I
can find no constant character which would entitle it to a specific
rank.

29. Hesperomys aureolus Wagner.

Golden Mouse.

I obtained two specimens of this beautiful little mouse near Dum-
mett's. Both of them were captured in a house where the common
species (leucojms) was also abundant. This was in the spring of
1869, but since that time I have never been able to find another, and
the people who brought the specimens informed me that they were
quite rare.

30. Hesperomys palustris Wag.

Rice-field Mouse.

Audubon and Bachman say that a specimen was obtained in the
Everglades of Florida by Dr. Leitner. I was aware of the existence
of a small rodent in these immense marshes, but was unable to obtain
specimens. They probably were of this species, however.

31. Neotoma Floridana Say and Ord.

Wood Rat.

I saw nests of this species quite common about Jacksonville and
Ilibcrnia, but found none at Blue Springs or at any section south of
this point. But Prof. Baird, in his "Mammals of North America,"
cites a specimen which was taken on Indian River by Dr. Wurdemann.

32. Sigmodon hispidiis Say and Ord.

Cotton Rat.

Common throughout the entire mainland of Florida, and appears to
frequent the marshy places along the borders of rivers and other
bodies of water. Whenever we encamped in such localities the cot-
ton rats would gather around to feed upon remnants of scattered
food. It appears to be nocturnal in its habits.

33. Arvicola piiietoriim LeConte.
Pine Mouse.
I insert this species on the authority of Aububou and Bachman,
who assert that they have received it from Florida.

LEPORIDiE.

34. Lepus sylvaticits Bachman.
Gray Rabbit.
Abundant throughout all sections of the mainland, frequenting the

148

piue woods as well as the hummocks. The_v appear to have much
the same habits as at the north.

35. Lepus palustris Bachman.
Marsh Rabbit.
Common in the marshes of the St. John's River.

DiDELPHIDiE.

36. DideJphys Virginiana Shaw.
Opossum.

Common throughout the maiulancl of the state, but does not occur
on the Keys. These animals are a decided pest to the inhabitants,
for they are prone to rob hen roosts. They are strictly nocturnal,
remaining concealed in the trees during the day.

I have never met with an undomesticated animal so variable in
color. Three specimens now before me exhibit the extremes. One,
evidently an old individual, is gray throughout, inclining more to
white, with no decided black markings, excepting the ears, legs and
feet. The latter are black to the nails on some of the toes, while the
other claws have a few white hairs at their bases. The tail is entirely
white. Another, younger, has dirty white fur with black tips. Nu-
merous long white hairs appear over the entire upper surface of the
body, giving the animal a singular appearance. The hind legs and
feet are black, as in the other specimens, to the nails, excepting a few
white hairs at their bases. The front legs and feet are black nearly
to the claws. The ears ai'e tipped with white, while the tail is black
for the basal third, the remainder white. Another young specimen
has tlie l)ase of the fur white, but with the tips so decidedly dark that
it nearl}^ conceals the former color, and no one would hesitate to call
it a black opossum. Yet its toes are white, there are white markings
about the head, and a stripe on the belly is white, with a yellow suf-
fusion between the fore legs. Only one-fourth of the basal portion
of the tail is black.

These three represent the widest variation I have ever met with, in
point of color, and Mr. J. A. Allen, in the "Bulletin of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology" (p. 185), and Dr. Elliott Coues, in tlie "Pro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of riiiladelpliia," for
May, 1871, assert that the skulls are also extremely variable.

Appendix.

Mammals which were formerly found in Florida.

According to Bartram the beaver (Castor Canadensis) was formerly
found in t^ic state. lie makes mention of it in his travels in Florida,
published in 1791.

149

The historians of De Soto's travels speak of herds of wild cattle
beiiis found in Florida. They probabW allude to the buffalo (Bos
Amcricanus), which without doubt extended its range to the prairies
of the west coast.

The last mentioned authors and other early writers also speak of a
wild dog as inhabiting Florida. They cannot mean the wolf or the
fox, for these are included in their lists of the animals of the then
new country. It is possible that the singular species of dog now
used by the Seminolcs of Florida was once wild.

Domesticated species found in a uild state.

There are hundreds of cattle in Florida which are now perfectly
wild and have been in this condition since the first Indian w^ar, at
which time they escaped from their owners. They generally inhabit
what is termed tiie "Turnbull Swamp," a wide expanse of waste land
which lies about the head of Indian Kiver. But I have seen them in
the interior, near the head waters of the St. John's Kiver. They are
rapidly becoming exterminated, however, as the settlers consider
them common property and shoot them whenever they can.

Hogs are also found wild in some sections, but not iu any great
numbers. The usually black color of the domestic hogs of Florida
has been noticed by Darwin in his fifth edition of "Origin of Species"
(p. 26) on the authority of Prof. Wyman. He says that the light
colored hogs contract a disease from eating the paint-root (Lachnan-
thes tinctoria) which causes their hoofs to drop off, whereas black
ones are not affected by it. I have carefully inquired into this matter
and have not only observed for myself, but conversed with many in-
telligent men upon the subject. I find that a slight error has been
made iu the statement. The color of the hair or bristles has nothing
to do with the health of the animal, but its hoofs must be black in
order that it may eat the paint root with impunity. I have seen black
pigs having white feet lame from this cause, and this is the usual
opinion of all the pig raisers with whom I conversed. Yet this does
not materially affect Mr. Darwin's argument, which is that the mere
oxistence of a certain plant causes the hogs of this sectiou to assume
a dark color, for if the hoofs are dark the wi)ole animal is usually
dark. That the case may be made seemingly stronger I will say, that
in some sections of Florida, where the paint root does not grow,
white hogs are as numerous as black ones.

I find that there is another reason why the settlers select hogs
which are of a dark color. This is that they stand a better chance of
escaping from bears than white ones, as they are less conspicuous,
especially in the night. Now I can go a step farther and show that

150

the liogs of themselves assume a protective color. It is noticeable
that hogs which have lived for generations in the piny woods are of
a reddish hue, corresponding exactly with the color of the fallen pine
leaves, so that it is almost impossible to detect one at a little distance
when it is lying upon a bed formed of them.

This instance, together with the fact that the black hoof is a safe-
guard against the poisonous effects of the paint root, seems a conclu-
sive argument in favor of the theory that the Florida hogs have made
a slight advance towards forming a new variety or species.

But I look upon it in another way, and see in these instances but
illustrations of a law in nature which grants to nearly all animals the
power of assuming protective colors, under certain circumstances,
but in a limited degree. This is to be seen in many cases among ani-
mals, the most familiar of Avhich is that of the northern hare {Lcpus
Americanus), which in autumn puts off its brown summer dress and
takes on one of the color of the snow, among which it has to live
throughout the winter. The hogs of Florida return to the mixed
colors in sections where the paint root does not grow and where no
pains are taken to select black ones, or where their food and surround-
ings are varied. There are apparently few or no analogous instances
to the black hoofs being a protection against poison, yet I will ven-
ture to say that did we understand the entire economy of nature, we
should find many similar ones.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 14, 1872.

The meetino: was held at 3 p. m. The President in
the ehair.

Stephen P. Driver of Salem and Charles F. Crocker
of Lawrence were elected resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 1872.

First evening meeting, present season, connncnccd at
7 30 p. m\ The President in tlie chair. Records read.

151

The Secretary .innounccd the following con-cspon-
deiicc : —

From American Geosvapliiral Societj', Sept. 18; Belfast Naturalists' Field Club;
Brooklyn Mercantile Library Association. Oct. 8; Buflalo Historical Society, .Sept.
12; Eiliiiburjrh Koyal Society, March; Iowa State Historical Society, Aug. :i; Leeds
Philosoi)hical and Literary Society, Sept. 1; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug.
31; Minnesota Historical Society, Aug. 2-2; Maryland Historical Society, Aug. 13;
Moravian Historical Society, Aug. 9; New Jersey Historical Society, Aug. ."iO, Sept.
3; New York, Cooper Union, Sept. (!, Oct. 1.5; New York Genealogical and Bio-
graphical Society, Aug. 21; New Y'ork Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 7; New
York State, Aug. 30; Ohio Historical and Philosoiihical Society, Aug. ."i, Sept. 6;
Y'ale College, Corporation, Sept 23; Ammiden, P. R., Boston, Ang. 22; Anthony,
11. B., Providence, Aug. 8; Babson, J. J., Gloucester, Aug. 12; Boow. E. P., New
Y'ork. Sept. 28, Oct. i, 17; Chever, D. A., Denver, Col., Oct. 13; Clark, B. H., Koch-
ester, N. Y'., Sept. 20; Crocker, Chs. F., Lawrence, Aug. 17; Cram, Milo T., Hol-
yoke, Mass., Aug. 19; Dall, C. H., Boston, Oct. 11 ; Drake, S. G., Boston, Sept. 13;
Frary, Lucius H., Middleton, Sept. 3; Hanaford, P. A., New Haven, Conn., Sept_
23; Higginson, T. W., Newport, R. I., Oct. 20; Hough, F. B., Lowville, N. Y'.. Aug.'
7; Marston & Prince, Lowell, Aug. 20; Perry, W. S., Geneva, N. Y'., Oct. 1;
Roundy, Henry, Salem, Sept. 28; Tenable, J. E., Paducah, Ky., Sept. 16; Yeomans,
W. II., Columbia, Conn., Aug. 8, Oct. 17.

A letter was read from W. A. Williams, engineer on
the Copinpo Railroad, to Capt. Robert INIanning, accom-
panying a box of fossil shells and radiates, some found
above the sea at Caldera, in extensive beds, at four hun-
dred feet above sea level ; the others at Molle, about one
hundred miles from the coast, at a height of live thousand
feet above the sea, where the ground is strewed with them.

Daniel Varney, Charles Baker and Catherine T. AA'oods,
all of Salem, were elected resident members.

Dr. J. L. Smith, Louisville, K}'. ; Prof. E. B. Andrews,
Marietta, Ohio ; Prof. E. T. Cox, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Dr.
G. M. Levette, Indianapolis, Ind. ; J. Collett, Esq., Eu-
gene, Vermilion Co., Ind. ; Prof. C. A. White, Iowa City,
Iowa ; J. L. Waters, Esq., Chicago, 111. ; Col. J. AV. Fos-
ter, Chicago, 111. ; Prof. C. G. Swallow, Columbia, Mo. ;
Piof. J. S. Newberry, New York, N. Y. ; Prof. A. Win-
chell, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; Prof. Raphael Pumpelly, Cam-
bridge, were elected corresponding members. ■

152
The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Andrews, Miss. Manual for the General Court, 1864, 1 vol. 12mo. Bland's
Treati!^e of Military Discipline, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1727. Report of the Comp-
troller of New York, 1854, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Portsmouth Relief Associa-
tion, 1855, 1 vol. 8vo. The Railroad Jubilee, 1851, 1 vol. 8vo. Patent Office Report,
1818, 1 vol. 8vo. Foster's Book Keeping, 1 vol. 8vo. Pickering's Vocabulary, 1
vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, IG.

BOLLES, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 29.

Brooks, Mrs. Hexry 31. Woman's Journal, 2G nos.

Butler, B. F., of U. S. H. R. Message and Documents, 1871-2, 5 vols. 8vo.
Report of the Committee on Agriculture, 18G9, 1870, 2 vols. 8vo. Ku-Klux Con-
spiracy, 13 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1868, 4 vols. 8vo. Smithsonian Report,
1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Mineral Resources West of tlie Rocky Mts., 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. Re-
port on Commerce and Navigation, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Congressional Globe. 3rd
Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-1, 3 vols. 4to. Statistics ol Population. Ninth Census. Tables
I-VIII. 1 vol. 4to, 1870. Report on Investigation and Retrenchment. Svo paniph.
Report of the Commissioners of Education, 1870-1, 2 vols. 8vo. Explorations in
Nevada and Arizona, 1871, 1 vol. 4to.

Chandler, Z., of U. S. S. Proceedings of the National Union Republican Con-
vention held at Phila., June 5, 6, 1872, 1 vol. Svo.

Clark, B. H., of Rochester, N. Y. Directories of Roches^tcr for 1870, 1871, 2 vols.
Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5.

Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette, 70 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

CONAXT, W. P. Ninth and Eleventh Report of the St. Louis Agricultural and
JNIechauical Association, 1870, 1872, 2 vols. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, G.

Cutter, A. E., of Charlestown, Mass. Proceedings at the Dedication of the
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at Charlestown, June 17, 1872. Svo pami)h.

Daland, W. S., of New York. Directory of New York City, 1871, 1 vol. Svo.

De Lorimer, W. K., of Dubuque, Iowa. Iowa State Gazetteer, 18ii5, 1 vol. Svo.

GiLiiORE, L. 15., of Ann Arbor, Midi. Directory of Ann Arbor, 1868, 1 vol. Svo.

IlAWKS, J. M., of Peusacola, Fla. The Florida Gazetteer, Svo pampli., 1871.

Kellogg, C. A. & Co., of Rochester, N. Y. New York State Directories, 18G4,
1869, 2 vols. Svo. Directory of over one hundred Cities and Villages in the State of
New York, 18()9-70, 1 vol. Svo. Directories of Central New York, 18()5, 1867, 2 vols.
Svo. Butfalo City Directories, 186G, 1867, 18G9, 1870, 4 vols. Svo. Rocliester City
Directories, 1864-5, 186G-7, 1867-8, 1870, 4 vols. Svo.

KiMiiALr., James. Lawrence Directories, 1857, 1859, 2 vols. IGino.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, .\ug. 10, 17; Sept. 7, 14, 31, 28; Oct. 5, 1872.

LouuAT, Ali'HONSE, of New York. Vine Dresser's Guide, 1 vol. 12mo.

Mannlng Rohert. Jliseellaneous paniiihlets, 65.

Mc. CUEERY, J. L., of Dubuque, Iowa. Director)' of Dubuque, 1865-0, 1 vol. Svo.
Miscellaneous i)amphlets, 6.

MooKE, Chas. B., New York. Indexes. Town of Soutliold, L. I. Svo paniph.

National A.ssociation of Wool Manufactures. Bulletin for Apr.. Sept. ,1872.

Oliver, IIenrv K. I'atent Office Reports, 1847, 18.J0-1, 1S.')1, l&Vi-.i, lS.-)3. ia54,
lajG, 1857, 18.58, 18.59, 1861, 13 vols.Svo. Me^^sage and Documents, 1867-8.2 vols. 8vo.
Auilitor's Report, 1867, 1 vol. Svo. Hawaiian Club Paiiers, Oct. 1868, 1 vol. Svo.
Kiglitli Annual Keport ol tlie Insurance Commissioners, 1 vol. Svo. Key to Ihe
Element o<" Arithmetic, by P. E. Cluise, 1 vol. 12ino. Miscellaneous i)amphlcts, 3.V2.

[To he continued.]

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSE]X IIsrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., November, 1872. No. IL

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Dr. Packard gave the following account of recent

EXPLORATIONS OF ST. GEORGE'S BANK.

During the past summer Prof. S. F. Baird, the U. S.
Fish Commissioner, with the assistance of Prof. A^errill,
fitted up an expedition to explore St. George's Banks
with the dredge, for the sake of ascertaining the nature
and quantity of the animals living, upon and about these
shoals, to which our Cape Ann fishermen annually resort
for cod and halibut. Prof. Peirce, the Suiierintendcnt
of the Coast Survey, who had detailed the steamer
"Bachc," Commander Howell, to make soundings on
and about the bank, generously made accommodations
aboard the steamer for the dredging party ; and two nat-
uralists, Messrs. S. I. Smith and O. Harger, assistants
in the Yale College Museum, spent a porticm of Septem-
ber aboard, and made several hauls with the dredge on
the bank in about twenty fathoms, and again on the
eastern edge of the bank in sixty-five fathoms, while

Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 20

154

the most interesting resnlts were obtained farther east
towards the Gulf Stream at a depth of four hundred, and
four hundred and thirty fathoms. At this depth the
dredge brought up about forty species of invertebrate
animals, among them Schizaster fragilis,* an arctic Euro-
pean sea urchin, Eupyrgus scaber^ an arctic holothurian,
and numerous worms, together with Pecten puHtidosus
Verr., not before found on our coast. On the sandy
bottom of the top of the bank the large Pecten teiiui-
costatus was abundant.

The season being late, they were obliged to relinquish
the work for their duties at New Haven, and Messrs.
Packard and Cooke, of the Peabody Academy at Salem,
on the 11th of October, ran out from Boston in the
Bache, and were able to make one day's dredging on
the northeast end of the bank, in forty and forty-five
fathoms, on the sandy and gravelly bottom near the
crown of the bank, at or near the fishing grounds for
cod and halibut ; and then at the bottom of the bank
in eighty-five, one hundred and ten, and one hundred
and fifty fathoms, respectively, on a sandy, muddy bot-
tom. The first haul of the dredge, made in one hundred
and ten fathoms, proved exceedingly rich, bringing up
numerous shells and worms, though few Crustacea, but
several spatangoids {ScJdzaster fnigilis) and several sea
pens {Pennatula aculeata) which had been dredged for
the first time on this coast by Mr. Whiteaves in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence in one hundred and sixty fathoms.
The hauls made in one hundred and fifty fathoms also
revealed these forms, and a singular starfish (^SoJaster
furcifer), and Arcliaster arcticus, an additional species of

*Thi8 and the other species mentioned were identifled by Prof. A. E. Verrill,
who is pulJliKliing a rosume of the results in the current numbers of the American
Journal of Science an I Arts.

155

sea pen ( Virgularia Lyngmanni) and other interesting
mollusks and worms ; while two actiniae, one an enor-
mous Cerianthus ((7. horealis), ten inches in length and
inhabiting a tough, slimy tube, and the other, Bolocera
Tuedios were discovered, together with Thyone scabra,
and a Norwegian shell, Area pectunculoides and Neoira
arctica, and several new species of mollusks and worms.
The marine fauna of this bank seems to be much like
that of the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
the banks of Newfoundland, and, in a less degree, the
coast of Labrador. The discovery of the Pennatula,
Schizaster and Area pectunculoides also makes its rela-
tions with that of Norway intimate, and suggests that the
assemblage of life at this region is a continuation of the
Norwegian and arctic European deep sea fauna, and that
it represents a continnous stream of arctic life pervadins:
the ocean at great depths wherever the water is of suffi-
ciently low temperature, from the polar regions to Cuba
and Florida. The great abundance of life about the bank
seems to show that the food for our edible fishes is in
this region almost inexhaustible.

After exploring this bank the Bache pushed on nearly
a hundred miles farther east and with some difficulty,
owing to an approaching gale from the southeast, obtained
soundings in thirteen hundred fathoms. The sea risinar
made dredging impossible, and the steamer was obliged
from rough weather to run into Provincetown, and the
weather continuing boisterous, to the great disappoint-
ment of all, made any further attempts impracticable.
Every possible facility was extended by Commander
Howell and officers Jacques, Hagerman, Jacob and Kush,
who personally superintended the dredging operations,
which were carried on by night as well as by daj-, and
to them the success of the explorations was largely due.

156

Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem made the following com-
munication on an

ANCIENT INDIAN CARVING.

By the kindness of Dr. Palmer of Ipswich, I am
enabled to exhibit a very interesting carved stone, which
was found by an elderly lady while hoeing potatoes in
her garden located at Turkey Hill, Ipswich.

Turkey Hill, situated between two small streams, and
not fiir from the centre of the town, is a collecting ground
well known to our local archaeologists from tlie large num-
ber of stone implements that have been found in its
immediate vicinity, and is especially noted for the small
arrowheads of w^hite quartz and other stone that have
been found there in considerable numbers. The dis-
covery of the carved stone now exhibited will further
identify the locality as one of interest to archaeologists.

This stone was evidently carved with care for the pur-
pose of being worn as an ornament, and was probably
suspended from the neck. It is of a soft slate, easily cut
with a sharp, hard stone. The markings left in various
places by the carver, showing where his tool had slipped,
indicate that no very delicate instrument had been used,
while the several grooves, made to carry out the idea of
the sculptor, indicate as plainly that the instrument by
which they were made, had, what we should call, a
rounded edge, like that of a dull hatchet, as the grooves
were wider at the top than at the l)ottom, and the stria?
show that they were made by a sort of sawing motion,
or a rubbing of the instrument backwards and forwards.
In fact, the carver's tool might have been almost any
stone imi)lement, fi-oin an arrowhead to a skin scraper,
or any hard piece of roughly chipped stone.

The figure on the opposite page represents the stone of
natural ^ize, its total length being two and a half inches.

157

It is of general uniform thickness, about one-fifth of an
inch, except where the angles are slightly rounded ofi" on
the front of the head and on the abdominal outline, and
the portion representing the forked tail, or caudal fin,
which is rapidly and symmetrically thinned to its edges,
as is the notched portion representing the dorsal fin.

The carving was evidently intended to represent a fish,
with some peculiar ideas of the artist added and several
important characters left out. The three longitudinal
grooves in front represent the mouth and jaws, while the
transverse groove at their termination gives a limit to
the length of the jaw, and a very decided groove on the
under side di- Fig. 5.

vides the under
jaw into its right

and left portions. /^'^^^ ^^JkJ^^^
The eyes are rep-
resented as slight
depressions at the

top of the head. Xatmal size.

The head is separated from the al)dominal portion by a
decided groove, and the caudal fin is well represented by
the forked portion, from the centre of which the rounded
termination of the whole projects. In this part there is
an irregularly made hole of a size large enough to allow
a strong cord to pass through for the purpose of suspen-
sion. The portion of the sculpture rising in the place of
a dorsal fin is in several ways a singular conception of the
ancient carver. "While holding the position of a dorsal
fin, it points the wrong way, if we regard the portion
looking so much like a shark's tooth as intended to rep-
resent the fin as a whole. It is very likely that the de-
signer wished to show that the fin was not connected with
the head and, as he was confined by the length of the

158

piece of stone, after making the liead so much out of pro-
portion, he was forced to cut under the anterior portion
of the fin in order to express the fact. If we regard it
in this light, the notches on the upper edge may be con-
sidered as indicating the fin rays ; but the figure best
shows tlie character of the sculpture, and persons inter-
ested can draw their own conclusions.

The symmetry of the whole carving is well carried out,
both sides being alike, with the exception that the raised
portion at the posterior part of what I have called the
dorsal fin is a little more marked on the left side than on
the right, and the edge on the same side is surrounded
by a faint, irregularly drawn line.

The carving was, I think, unquestionably made by an
Indian of the tribe once numerous in this vicinity and, as
it was almost beyond a doubt cut by a stone tool of some
kind, it must be considered as quite an ancient work of
art, probably worn as a "medicine," and possibly indicated
either the name of the wearer or that he was a noted fish-
erman.

Additions to the Library announced.

(Continued from page 152.)

By Donation.

Osgood, Alfred, of Newburyport, Mass. History of Newburyport, by Mrs.
E. Vale Smith, 1 vol. 8vo. Reports of the School Committee of Xewburyport,
1841-1871, inc. 2(i Nos.

Paksox.s, C. W., of Providence, R. I. Hydrate of Chloral, by donor. Svo pamph.

Patch, Chas., of Hamilton, Mans. Miscellaneous Almanacs, 54.

PicitKiNS Bugs., of Sioux City, Iowa. Directory of Sioux City, 1871-2, 1 vol. Svo.

Pi:i{KiN.s, Geo. A. Ttie Spirit of Missions, 8 nos.

Pekuy, W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Journal of the General Convention of the
Protestant Episcopal Church. 1868, 1871, 2 vols. Svo. Vestry Songs, 1 vol. 12mo.
Trinity Psalter, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous i)amphlots, .310.

Stone, 15. W. Directory of New York City, 18(J!», 1 vol. Svo. First Annual Re-
port of the Hoard of Ci)mniissioiiers of the Department of Public Parks, 1 vol.
Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

Si'.MNEit, C^, of U. S. S. I.flter to the Colored Citizens, June 29. 1872, Svo i>aniph.

Tknnev, RicuAUD, of Georgetown, Mass. Catalogue of the Georgetown Pea-
body Library, 1 vol. Svo. The Peabody Memorial Church in Georgetown. 1 vol. Sto.

159

TowNE, Joseph H. Mass. Register and Business Directories, 1852, 1853, 1854,
1855, 1858, 5 vols. 8vo. Condition of the Banks, 1857, 1858, 18G0, 18G1. 4 vols. 8vo.
N. E. Mercantile Directory, 1849, 1 vol. Svo. Comptroller's Report of tlie Cur-
rency, 1807, 1 vol. 8vo. Finance Reports, lS.r2-3, 1855-G, 2 vols. 8vo. Mass. State
Record, lajl, 1 vol. 12mo. Blue Book, 1 vol. limo. Mass. Registers, 1830, 1832,
1833, 1834, 1835, 18.30, 18;}7, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1*44, 1845, 1846, 1847, 17 vols.
ICmo. Descriptive Register of Genuine Bank Notes,] vol. 4to. Hodge's Ameri-
can Bank Note, 2 vols. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 100.

U. S. Patent Office, of Washington, D. C. Official Gazette, July 23, Aug. 13,
20, 27, Sept. .3, 10, 17, 2 4, 1872.

WiLLSOX, E. B. Address by C. A. Bartol before the Essex Conference, Feb. 28.
1872. 8vo pamph.

WiTiiALL. Elijah, of Rochester, X. Y. Annual Catalogues of the University of
Rochester. 1S.")9-1872. 13 pamphlets.

Yeomans, W. H., of Columbia. Conn. Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1867, 1
vol. Svo. Heport of the Conn. Board of Agriculture, 1871, 1 vol. Svo. Reports of
the Committee ou the Conduct of the M^ar, 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets,
28. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865, 4 vols. Svo.

By Exchange.

ACADfesnE iMPfcRIALE DES SCIENCES BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS IN BORDEAUX.

Actes, 3e Serie, 32e Annee, 1870.

ACADEMY OF Natdral SCIENCES OF Phila., Proceedings of. Jan., Feb., Mch.,
Apr., 1872.

American Academy of Arts ajnd Sciences of Boston. Proceedings of, pp.
137-29G of vol. viii. 1809-70.

American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Proceedings of, Apr., 1872.

American Philosophical Society op Phil., Proceedings of, Jan.-June, 1872.

BiBLiOTiiiSQLrE Universelle et Re\'L'e SUISSE. Archives des Sciences, Phy-
siques et Xaturelles, Juin, Juillet, Aodt. Xos. 174-6, 1872.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Sferie, Tome xii. No. II,
1872.

Institut niSTORiQUE IN PARIS. L'lnvcstigateur, 4e Serie, Tome x, Liv. 426,
427, 1870.

KoNGLiGA Danske Videnskabernes Selskab IN KjoBENHAVN. Oversigt.
1871. Xo II. Svo pamph.

KoNGLiGA Vetexskaps-Societen IN Upsal. Nova Acta. Vol. viii, Fasc. 1,
1871. 4to pamph. Bulletin M{;teorologique Mensuel, vol. i, Xos. 1-12. 1808-9. Vol.
iii, Nos. 7-12, 1871.

Literary and Philosophical Society of LrvERPOOL, Proceedings of the.
Vol. XXV, 1870-71. 1 vol. Svo.

XATrRWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT "ISIS" IN DRESDEN. SitZUngS-

Berichtc. Jan., Feb.. Miirz, 1872.

Xatuhwisschaften Vekein in Bremen. Abhandlungen, Bd. Ill, Heit 1, 1872.

New Jersey IIistorical Society, Proceedings of. 2nd Series, vol. iii, Xo. 1,
1872.

Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass., Twentieth Annual Report of the Trustees
of the. Svo pamph., 1872.

Physikalisch-medicinische GESELLSCHAFT IN WuHZBURG. Verhandlungeu,
Neue Folge, Bd. II, 4 Heft, 1872.

Rhode Island Hist(jrical Society, Proceedings of. 1872. Svo pamph.

SocitTi d'Acclijiation Paris. Bulletin Mensuel. 2me Serie,' Tome ix, 1872.
Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5. 4 pamphlets.

160

SocifeTi; D'ANTHRorOLOGiE PARIS. Bulletins, Tome vi, He Sfcric, 2e Fascicule,
1871. 8vo pamph.

Soci^Tfi Vandoizk des Sciences Natukelles of Lausaxne. Bulletin, vol.
xi, Nos. 6G-6.7. 2 pamphlets, 1871-2.

St. Gallische Gesellscuaft in St. Gallen. Bericht. Vereinsjahres, 1870-1.

Vereins fOr Erdkunde in DARMST.VDT. Notizblatt, Heft X, iii Folge. Nos.
109-121, 1871.

Vermont State Lirrary. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Registration Reports,
1869, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of the Vermont State Library, Sept. 1, 1872. 1
vol. 8vo. Governor's Message of the State of Vermont, Oct., 1872. 8vo pamph.

Wisconsin State Historical Society, Collections of, vol. vi, 18G9-72, 1 vol. 8vo.

ZOOLOGISCHE Gesellschaft. Zoologischc Garten, xiii Jahrg., nos. 1-6. Jan.-
Juli, 1872.

PuiiLiSHERS. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World.
Francis's Catalogue. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's
Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Law-
rence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Sea-
men's Friend. Salem Observer. Sillimau's Journal. Western Lancet.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 4, 1872.

Meetin": this eveuino: at 7.30 o'clock. The President
ill the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary anuounced the following correspon-
dence : —

From U. S. Dei)'t. of Interior, Washington, Oct. 28; Bergen, Norway, The Mu-
seum at, Sept. 22; Ipswich, Lyceum, Oct. 24; New York, Cooper Union, Oct. 23;
Smitlisonian Institution, Wasliington, Aug. 14; Boow, E. P., New York, Oct. 24,
;n; Chever, D. A., Denver, Col. Ter., Oct. 28; Cleaveland, N., Westport, Conn.,
Oct. 31 ; Ellis, George E., Boston, Oct. 2i), Nov. 2.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

Bij Donation.

Cooi'ER Union, of New York. Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health,
1809, 1 vol. 8vo. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Prison Association of New
York, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo. Tehuantepec Kaihvay Company, ]S(;9, 1 vol. 8vo. Annual
!{cport of the Board of Kducation, 18.V.), 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Hoard of Immi-
gration of till" State of Missouri, lS(;.')-66, 1 vol. 8vo. (.'omptroller Report of City of
New York, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11.

161

GiLLiS, JAJtES A. German Eucyclopiidie, 1 vol. 4to. Map,s to Gibson's Report,
1 vol. 8vo. French Statistics, 1 vol. 8vo. National Magazine and Industrial Rec-
ord. 1S4."), 1846, 2 vols. 8vo. Archivo Americano, 1 vol. 4to. Spurzheim's Outlines
of Phrcnologj', 1 vol. 12mo. Spanish Teacher, 1 vol. 16nio. German Phrase Book,
1 vol. r2mo. Tariff, by James Campbell, 1 vol. 8vo. Revenue Book, by A. Jones, 1
vol. Svo. Fliigel's Dictionnaire, 1 vol. 8vo. Nature Displayed, 2 vols. 8vo. Patent
Office Report. 1848. 1 vol. Svo. Commerce and Navigation of the U. S.. 1830-45, 8
vols. Svo. Tobacco Statistics, 3 vols. Svo. Obituary Addresses on the Death of
Hon. W. R. King, 1 vol. Svo. Tables showing the Trade of the United Kingdom
with difl'orent Foreign Countries and British Possessions, 1834-41. Commercial
Tariffs and Regulations, 5 pamphlets. Commercial and Financial Legislation of
Europe and America, 2 vols. Svo. The Daily Union, 27 nos. Tableau General du
Commerce de la Belgique, 2 vols, folio. The Southerner, 38 nos. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 179.

Gkekn, S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 41.

KniiJALL, James. Abstract of the Seventh Census, 1 vol. Svo. I. O. of O. F.,
Digest of the Laws of the Order, 1 vol. 12rao. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 70.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin. Oct. 12, 19, 1872.

Patch, G. W., of JIarblehead, Mass. Manuals for the General Court, 1S63, 1864,
1S66, 3 vols. 16mo. Christian Union, GO nos. Independent, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859,
1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868. Our Dumb Animals, 12 nos. The
Macedonian and Home Mission Record, 37 nos. American Missionary, 46 nos.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 90.

U. S. Department of the Ixterior. House Miscellaneous, 2d Sess.,4l6t Cong.,
1869-70. 5 vols. Svo. 3d Sees., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. Svo. Foreign Relations of
the U. S., 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-7], 1 vol. Svo. Finance Report and Report of
Comptroller of the Currency, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol.8vo. Report of the
Department of Agriculture, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Reports of
the Committee of the House of Reps., 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo.
Senate Documents, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Miscellaneous,
2d Sess., 41st Cong.. 1869-70, 1 vol. Svo. 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo.
Senate Journal, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Reports, 3d Sess.,
4l8t. Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. House Journal, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol.
Svo. Executive Documents, 3 Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 5 vols. Svo. Report of the
Secretary of War, 3d Sess., 4l6t Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. Svo. Report of the Secretary
of the Navy and Postmaster General, 3d Sess., 41st Cong,, 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Pat-
ent Office Report, 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 3d
Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. Svo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 8, 1872.

By Exchange.

Boston Pitblic Library. Bulletin for Oct., 1872. Svo pamph.

Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, July, 1872. Svo pamph.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Antiquarian
•Journal, Oct., 1872. Vol. xxvi. No. IV, Svo pamph.

New York Genealogi^'al and Biographical Society, Record of. Oct., 1873.
Svo pamph.

Pliu.ishers. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist.
Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Maga-
zine. Ipswich Chronicle. La'id and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Re-
porter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 21

162

THE ORIGIN OF SURNAMES.

A communication was read from George H. Devereux
of Salem on the origin of surnames. This subject is re-
ceiving considerable attention, especially since so many
persons devote their time and leisure to genealogical and
historical researches, and, from the records and papers on
file in our various state, town, parish and other offices,
have gleaned and published many facts that will tend to
elucidate more fully the history of the past and delineate
the character of the early pioneers and their immediate
descendants in the settlement of this country.

The paper was an ably prepared document and com-
menced with a few brief remarks upon general language.
It then proceeded to the special consideration of the
names of persons and places, as now extant in the Eng-
lish language. We give the following condensed synopsis
of this portion.

All names had, originally, a significance of their own,
derived from some peculiarity of person, place or promi-
nent circumstance. We have grown so familiar with
them, as merely arbitrary designations, that we pay no
heed to this special meaning, which no longer has, in
most cases, any particular applicability ; and we talk
of a man called Lion or Hare, King or Straw, without a
moment's thought of the idea once conveyed when the
name was primarily given. The meaning of many bibli-
cal, classic, Saxon, Italian, French and other designations
was then stated, as well as some of Puritanic and fanciful
origin. In the earliest times no person had more thau
one name, as John, Peter, Albert, etc. But in process
of time it was found necessary to distinguish individuals
of the s same designation, of whom there would soou be
many in every neighborhood, by superadded descriptions.

163

These were what we call surnames and became, by trans-
mission from father to sou, family names. The various
modes in which these originated and grew up were then
systematically explained.

The most obvious would be from personal peculiarities.
As, of two Johns in one neighborhood, one would soon
become known as John the Long, and another as John
the Short. Hence we get all the Shorts, Longs, Whites,
Blacks, Browns, etc.

Next, children came to be particularized after their
parents, as John, Robert's son, or John Robertson, James,
William's son, or James Williamson, and so on. Again,
men got names from their occupations, as John the Smith
or soon simply John Smith, Hugh the Miller or Hugh
Miller. So in other languages, as the Scotch synonymes
of Baxter or Baker, Thaxter or Thacher, etc.

Then we find many getting titles from their residence.
Noblemen, it is well known, are called from their estates.
So through all ranks, as Peter of the Lane, Sam on the
Hill, Jem of the Meadows, etc., and in this way grow up
in time countless family appellatives, as Lanes, Hills,
jNIeadows, Heaths, Dales, Downs, Forests, Brooks, Riv-
ers and the like. Of this class, too, are Greenwood,
Underwood, Redtield and many similar.

Parts of the human body and various objects of nature,
plants, animals, even minerals, have by some sino-ular
association, hopeless now to trace, given special designa-
tions to individuals first, and then to families. For in-
stance, Head, Leg, Foote, Blood, Ash, Birch, Root,
Branch, Hedge, Straw, Peach, Pear, Thorn, Berry, Rice,
Millet, Hare, Fox, Badger, Bull, Partridge, Sparrow,
Bird, Drake, Fish, Pollock, Herring, etc., and Stone,
Jasper, Marble, Jewell and many more of similar char-
acter.

164

Very many of these names arc, when we consider their
actual signification, extraordinary and surprising, and we
cannot but wonder how a man could ever come to i)e
called a Wolf, a Hog, a Crane, a Gull, or by so curious
a title as Moon, Salt, Doll, Pinchbeck and others quoted
equally strange. These anomalies and eccentricities were
analyzed and explained b}' references to heraldic bear-
ings, jocose and familiar sobriquets or nicknames, cor-
ruptions, abbreviations, etc. A great many singular and
striking instances were given, and elucidated by explana-
tions yet available in history, social customs and records
and derivations of various sorts, from which light may
yet be thrown upon these apparent vagai-ies. A large
number, seemingly utterl}' incomprehensible at first sight,
were traced to their incidental origins, and the curious
transformations they had undergone clearly developed.
A long list was also given of grotesque and unaccountable
appellatives, of the origin of which no reasonable conjec-
ture seems to be now possible.

The nomenclature of places, towns, cities, castles, es-
tates, etc., was fully investigated, and followed up through
contractions and the corruptions of time to its sources in
the primitive Celtic of the Britons, the Saxon, the Latin
terms of the Romans and the Norman French introduced
by the conquest. The frequent transfer of these to family
names was also illustrated by examples. The changes
effected by translation into other languages were consid-
ered too, and made plain by numerous instances.

The system of nomenclature of the Greeks and Romans
was briefly described, and its analogies with the customs
of later times noticed.

It is impossible in this compendium to note even all
the leading points of the essay. Of course, we cannot
recapitulate here the large number of carefully collected

165

and arranged illustrations ; or follow out the theory and
state the conclusions deduced, either upon general or spe-
cial instances. Our narrow space is inadequate to give a
competent view of a thoroughly digested and systematic
analysis of such a subject.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 18, 1872.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Peesident
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

Bremen, Xatnrwissenschaft vcrein, Sept. 7; Brunu, Natui-forschende verein,
Apr. 2; Cherbourg, .Sociiitc Xationale des Sciences Naturelles, Juillet ; Chicago
Academy of Sciences, O^t. 8; Danvers, Peabody In.^titute, Nov. 7; Sacrameuto,
Agassiz Institute, Nov. 1, 3; Chipman, R. M., Lisbon, Conn., Nov. 8; Foster, J.
W., Chicago, Ul., Nov. 11; Levette, Gilbert M., Indianapolis, Nov. 9; Newberry,
J. S., New York, Nov. 1.1; Perry, W. S., Geneva, N. Y.,Nov. 14; Pumpelly, Raphael',
St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 11 ; M'hite, C. A., Iowa City. Iowa, Nov. 11; Waters, J. Linton.
Chicago. 111., Nov. 9; Woods, Katie T., Salem, Oct. 24.

The letters from the "Agassiz Institute," the one by
Dr. Thomas M. Logan, the President, the other by the
Corresponding Secretary, Rev. J. H. C. Bontu, may be
especially noticed, as oflicially announcing the organiza-
tion of a scientific institution under the above name in
Sacramento ; and sending "its first greeting to the Essex
Institute, Salem, Mass." "In framing our constitution
and laws," Rev. Mr. Bonte writes, "we have used yours
as our model, and we therefore address you first. Our
opportunity for adding material for the study of natural
history is, we think, great, and we begin with great
hopes of a splendid future."

166
The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

FOOTE, C. Files of several County Papers, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., 1872.

Kimball, James. Freemason'.s Monthly Magazine. 1859-08, 10 vols.

Lee, John C. Commercial liuUetiu, Oct. 26, Nov. 2, 1872.

Logan, Thomas M., of Sacramento, Cal. Report of tlie California State Board
of Health, 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo.

Peabodt Academy of Science. Fourth Annual Report, 1871. 8vo pamph.

Sibley, J. L., of Cambridge, Mass. Catalogus Universitatis Harvardiana;, 1873.
8vo iiamph.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 15, 22, 29, 1872.

Williams, Henry L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4.

By Exchange.

Crosse et Fischer, Paris, France. Journal de Conchyl. Tome xii. No.3, 1872.

Geological Survey of Canada. Ke]iort of Progress for 1870-71. 8vo pamph.

INSTITUT HiSTOUiQUE, Of Paris, France. L'lnvestigateur, Jan.-Juin, 1872.

L'ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES DE ST. Peteksbolrg, Bulletin of. Tome
xvi, Nos. 1-G. Tome xvii, Nos. 1-3. Memoires. Tome xvii, No. 12, 1871. Tome
xviii, Xos. 1-C, 1872.

Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, Transactions of, 1871-72. New
Series, Pt. IX. 8vo, 1872.

Naturforschenden Verein in BrCnn. Verhandlungen, Bd. ix, 1870.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings of. Pt. IL
May-Sept., 1872. 8vo pamph.

Socifrrfe d'Anthropologie, Paris, France. Bulletin. Tome vi. He s^rie, 3e
fascicule. Oct., Nov., 1871. 8vo i)amph.

SocifiTfi Nationale DES SCIENCES Naturelles, Cherbourg, France. Memoirs.
Tome xvi, 1871-72. 8vo pami)h.

SocitTft ROYALE DES Antiquaires du Nord Kjobenhavn. Memoircs, Nonv.
Ser., 1870-71. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Tillaeg til Aarboger for Nordisk Old-KjTidighed
og Historie, 1870, 1871. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

Publishers. Asher's Catalogue. Essex County Mercurj'. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence
American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. 3Iedical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

The President called the attention of the Institute to
a package of old papers recently presented by Mr. Eben
G. Berry of Danvers. Several of the papers were read,
and were interesting, showing the spirit of the times in
which they were written. The following may be specified :

The commission of Benjamin Berry to be Ensign of tiie
third Foot company in the town of Andover in the 4th
Regime^it of Militia in the County of Essex, whereof

167

Rich. Saltonstall, Esq., is Col. ; signed by Wm. Shirley,
dated 2 July, 1754.

Bill of sale, Mr. George Daland of Salem to Mr. Ben-
jamin Berry of Andover, for a negro named "Fortune,"
dated Aug. 30, 1756.

Warrant from Hon. PIcnry Gardner, Treasurer of
Mass., to Benjamin Berry, constable or collector, dated
21 Feb., 1777, to collect the lax of 277£ 7s., assessed
upon the town of Andover.

A summons from the selectmen of Andover to Capt.
Benjamin Berry, surveyor of highways, dated March 19,
1767, requiring him to see that each person, named in
this list, work out the sum annexed to their names in the
months of May or June next ensuing, on the roads here-
after mentioned.

Several deeds of laud, also military orders, for calling
out the militia for inspection and parade.

Some of the papers proved that the "treating to the
drinks" on every occasion of purchasing a new saddle or
article of dress, etc., was a custom of that period, and a
certificate of its performance was given. Thus : —

Andover, Augoust 19, 1750.

This may Certify All Home It may Concern, That Mr.
Benjamiue Berry Hath Paid Suffitient Beaverige For A
New lied Plush Saddle and lite Colard Housen To The
Full Satisfaction of The Subscribers Hereof.

Henry Abbot. Henry Abbot, Jr.

Andover, March the 19 day, 1756.

This may Certify All Home it may Concern that Ben-
jamin Berry junr Hath Paid suffitient Beaverige for A
new blew sartj^e Coot with blew morehare buttens with

168

A red lining to the full satisfaction of the subscribers
hereof.

Benja. Berry. Mary Robinson.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibitetl a photograph of a human
skeleton found in a cave in France. This photograph,
which had been sent to the Peabody Academy of Science
by Mr. S. H. Scudilcr, formerly of the Boston Society
of Natural History, now residing in Mentone, France,
showed the skeleton, as found in the cave. Mr. Putnam,
taking the photograph for his text, spoke of the great
antiquity of man, as proved by the finding of human
bones and the works of man in various caves in Europe ^
and in the river drift of various places.

The Adjournment of the Quarterly Meeting
from Wednesday the 13th inst., was then held.

Daniel B. Hagar was unanimously elected Vice Presi-
dent of the t)epartment of the Fine Arts, to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of George Peabody.

Arthur S. Rogers of Salem, Solomon Varncy of Salem
and John Todd Moulton of Lynn, were elected resident
members.

Voled, That the regular meetings in December be held
on the 2d and 4th Monday evenings in lion of the 1st
and 3rd.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX: IISrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., December, 1872. No. 12.

One Dollar a Tear ia Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

EegullA.r Meeting, Monday, December 9, 1872.

Meeting this evening at 7 30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Eecords of preceding meeting read.

The evening Avas occupied by the reading of a commu-
nication, by Mr. John Robinson, on

FERNERIES, HOW TO M^VKE THEM, AND WHAT TO PUT IN THEM.

Fern cases, or ferneries, as most of us call them, were
originally called Wardian cases, in honor of their inven-
tor, Dr. B. N. Ward of London, who published a book
upon the subject in 1842. These cases are only a modi-
fication of the handglass always used to force or protect
plants in the greenhouse or open air ; yet the placing of
this in a practical way renders it easy to import the plants
of foreign tropical countries, which otherwise could never
be seen here in a living state, besides enabling us to grow
at home as beautiful ferns and other delicate, moisture-
loving plants as are seen in the hot-house or conservatory.

The fern case, as it comes from the cabinet-maker's, is

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 22

170

a handsome piece of furniture, but an expensive one ; so
expensive, perhaps, as to deter many from possessing a
fernery. This need not be, for at home a case can be
made just as serviceable, and having some advantages
even over the expensive ones.

Procure from your carpenter a good pine board, of the
dimensions you may wish, for the base of your structure,
which by the way should be about one-third longer than
wide. Next obtain a suitable moulding, black walnut is
the best, and lit it around the base board as if it was a
picture frame on end. Next have a zinc pan made to fit
closely inside of this, coming up to the top of the mould-
ing ; do not have any turned over edge or ring to the
pan, as they are of no use, neither should the pan be made
first, as it is difficult to make a neat box to fit outside it.
Have the pan painted ou the inside with a good coat of
tar, as the delicate roots of the plants dislike to come in
contact with a metal surface. Next comes the glass, and
here is where most persons fail. Be sure the glass is
inside the pan, and never have the pan inside the glass,
for the moisture collecting on the glass runs down outside
the pan to the woodwork, rotting it, and very likely
between the moulding and base board on to the table or
what else the case rests on, causing much trouble; also,
in watering, the glass directs the water in like manner,
with the same, if not worse, results.

A good proportion for the glass is to have it as high
above the base as the case is wide, and it should go to the
bottom of the pan ; have the corners true and the top
level, that the plate of glass which covers the top, and
which should be one-fourth of an inch larger nil around,
shall be even. With common Hour paste attach narrow
strips of cloth up over the corner angles on the outside
and but bu]y an inch or so down the inside from the top.

171

When dry. paste some dark paper over it, so as to cover
the cloth, also around the top plate of glass to prevent
the edge from cutting your hands ; no cloth is necessary
for this. Fill and oil the black Avalnut raouldins:, and
the case is complete.

A still more simple one is to tar the inside and paint
the outside of a shallow pine box, and place the glass
directly inside it. If you intend purchasing a hand-
some case, it will be better to have one made to order, as
all the ready made ones usually oiiered for sale have the
case poorly and incorrectly constructed in more ways than
one ; nearly all have tlat tops, to be avoided where there
is woodwork (the home made case having no woodwork
at the top, it is not a disadvantage). One advantage
possessed by the expensive case is that the whole top
takes oflf, enabling you to work all around and not entirely
from overhead. Here you may construct ruins, grottos,
arches, etc., Avith pumice and cement; pumice is so light
that it adds but little weight to the case, and the cement
will bind the whole together as firmly as one rock, all at
a very slight expense, at the same time adding much to
the beauty of the interior. Very neat circular cases are
for sale at the stores, and can be filled so as to be very
attractive ; they can also be used as fern nurseries. To
do this, make the earth damp and firm on toj^, havino"
first placed a few small pieces of broken flower pots in
the upper soil. Take a leaf of some fern, or several dif-
ferent species of ferns, if you desire, that have the fruit
quite ripe ; this can be discovered by shaking over white,
paper, when, if ripe, a brown powder will come ofl';
these are the spores or seeds. Dust these over the pre-
pared earth, replace the glass, and leave the case in a
warm shady corner. In a i'ew weeks, if not permitted
to become dr}^ a green scum will appear, which in time

172

will transform itself into the most beautiful little ferns,
that may be separated, potted, or transferred to other
cases.

Now to fill the case. First make, if the pan be three
inches deep, about one inch in depth of drainage, peb-
bles, charcoal, broken bricks, or, better still, broken
flower pots ; over this a thin layer of moss or coarse
fibrous stufi" of some sort to prevent the earth washing
into the drainage and choking it. Some cases have holes
in the bottom and glass receptacles for superfluous water ;
but if care be used in watering, this will be entirely un-
necessary. For soil suitable to grow most plants likely
to be in the fernery, a mixture of one part sand, one part
peat, two parts light pasture loam (leaf mould may be
used for peat), will do well. The earth should be heaped
up a little in the centre, or if the case is large two or
three little elevations may be made ; upon these place the
larger ferns or plants, w^ith the others distributed around
them. A log of wood covered with moss and small ferns
is a very pretty centre piece, and to cover the ground the
little running Selagiuella, common in all greenhouses,
answers better than almost anything else, except our own
native mosses, which must be treated with care, or else
they mould or dry up.

Ferneries may be divided, if you like, into two classes,
dormant and active. By dormant I mean such as con-
tain plants which lie at rest during the winter mouths,
chiefly our natives and others like them in habit that have
been introduced. These it is well to arrange separately,
as they require less heat than the species growing all the
year round, chiefly from the tropics, which form the active
fernery. The dormant fernery can be made very inter-
esting, the plants in it keeping about the same all the
winter, but growing towards spring ; and as many like

173

the pleasure of filling their case every fall, this is as good
a way as any to do, as it is a pretty ornament for winter,
and in summer need not be cared for. Of the two thou-
sand exotic species known to exist, but three hundred
probably can be purchased in this country, and of these
comparatively few are suitable to grow in the case.
Most of the smaller growing species for sale hereabouts
Avill do, particularly those of Pteris, Doodia, and Adian-
tum (maiden hair ferns). Gold and silver ferns require
care, as the yellow and white farina washes off in water-
ing. Besides ferns. Begonias, Dracoanas and Marantas
do well for the centre of a case, aud many others can be
tried ; even if they do not succeed there is a pleasure in
experimenting.

In New England there are about the same number of
ferns as in Old England, forty-five or six. About Salem,
say within ten miles' radius, there are sixteen genera,
twenty-nine species ; of these, few are suited to the fern-
ery. The larger ones grow well in the garden, on the
northerly side of a fence or building. Of the smaller
ones, the ebony spleenwort, two or three of the Aspi-
diums or shield ferns, the Asplenium Trichomanes, do
well ; the climbing fern will look pretty for a while and
some of the ferns which lose their foliage at the frost, will,
if their roots be planted just under the moss, grow toward
spring, such as the beech ferns, hay scented ferns. New
York ferns aud others. The moonwort, and common poly-
pody which grows every where, should never be left out,
and the harts tongue, and walking ferns, are valuable
accessions if they can be had. This comprises about all
the native ferns of use that can be collected here, but there
are many little plants to associate with them which add
much to the beauty of the case. The partridge berry
{Mitchella repens) can be gathered in bunches, regardless

174

of roots, tucked iu the moss and earth, wliere it will grow,
bloom, and often fruit.

The rattlesnake plantain (incorrectly called adder's
tongne), the Hepatica, gold thread, Linnea, all do well,
and club mosses, wintergreen, checkerberry, all add to the
effect. The larger foreign and native ferns may be grown
in an open fernery, Avhich should be in a room with as
moist air as possible.

Do not drown your plants. Persons frequently ask,
"How often shall I water my plants?" It is impossible
to answer, except to say "whenever they are dry ;" with
the same amount of water per day, in a cool room the
earth in a flow^er pot would be mud, while in a hot room
it would be powder in a few hours. To avoid pests,
mould, etc., sprinkle the ferns occasionally and give air
an hour or more every day. Wiping off the moisture
from the glass will take away many impurities. Cases
sprinkled often seldom require watering, and it is sur-
prising how long life will last on a small supply of water.
I once planted in the bottom of an olive bottle a fern and
some moss, corked it, and sealed the top over with seal-
ing wax, placed it upon a light shelf, and left it; the fern
flourished about a year, and weeds which sprang up lived
six months longer; life lasted eighteen months in all,
without the addition of a single drop of water.

Do not place the fernery at the southern window, in the
full glare of the sun ; an eastern or western one is better ;
turn it around every week that the plants may grow
evenly. The case may be filled in August, to be estab-
lished by winter. Some fill them as early as June, others
not till October, hut August is the best for the tropical
fernery ; the natives need not be attended to till Septem-
ber, if you like. Not only may ferns be grown in cases
but some species are ver}' beautiful as basket or pot plants.

175

A cocoanut may be formed into a very neat basket by
saning off the top and burning holes half an inch across
all over the shell with two small ones at the top opposite
each other for the wire to suspend it by ; if in this a fern
is planted which has running roots with leaf buds, the eifect
is in time to cover the whole shell with the beautiful foli-
age, as these little roots find their way to every hole before
long. For this, Adiantum setulosum and A. iEthio-
pium are the best. Baskets to hang in the top of a fern
case may be made of thin pliable bark, wired together.
Wire baskets lined with moss and filled with earth are
line tor ferns with stems which run on top of the soil, such
as most of the Davallias, Polypodium aureum a native of
Florida, and others. The hare's foot fern is one such,
throwing out woolly feet in advance of the leaves. A log
hollowed out on one end is most suitable to grow the stag
horn ferns upon ; they will in time form huge crowns ou
the top of the log, while little creeping species may be
grown successfullj' on the side at the same time if wired
on with a little moss and earth. Hollow stone ware pil-
lows are made with pockets in the sides, the centre filled
with earth, ferns planted in the pockets, and the whole
covered with a bell s^lass. Wire netting can be formed
into a tube filled with coarse earth, and ferns inclined to
climl) by rooting stems, as the ivy does, can be made to
cover it with foliage. In fact, there is no end to the vari-
ety of design that can be introduced into the fernery
whether it be a simple bell glass or a structure one hun-
dred feet long by forty wide and high. Of this latter
class of ferneries most beautiful ones are described in
foreign books, where sometimes the side walls are of turf
covered with the creeping Lycopods and ferns, while little
brooks, mimic waterfalls and ponds add both to the beauty
of the place and to the air, the moisture necessary for the

176

health of the plants. This is called the natural cultiva-
tion of ferns, and approaches as near as possible to their
natural habitat. It is to be hoj^ed that such will soon be
established by our wealthy amateurs on this side of the
water, as it is much more instructive than the ordinary
way of growing these plants, and that there will be a
steady increase in the already growing interest in ferns
and ferneries.

The evening was made more enjoyable and the remarks
much more interesting and clear by the exhibition of
ferneries and plants upon the platform illustrating the
subject. They were chiefly as follows : A large black-
walnut fern-case (cabinet-maker's pattern) containing
stone grotto and choice tropical ferns, SelaginelUis, Bego-
nia rex, etc. ; a square home-made case (large) con-
taining native plants entirely ; circular fernery (large)
containing tropical plants ; log with a fine specimen of
Platycerium alcicorne, stag horn fern growing upon the
top, other ferns and mosses on the sides ; wire basket
with Davallia ; cocoanut shells with maiden-hairs ; bell
glass with Adiantum Capillus- Veneris or English maiden-
hair, also other ferns in pots, cut fronds, etc.

Ferns suitable for ferneries which can be purchased at
the greenhouses at fifty cents or less : —

Pteris serulata,

" argyrea,

" longifolia,

" tremula,

" cretic-a, var. albo-lincata,
Pella3a rotuiutifolia,

" liastata,
Gymnogramiiie sulphurca,

" calomelanos,

Doodftt caudata,
Asplenium Mexicaiuim,
Onychiuin Jaiionicmn,

Adiantum Capillus- Veneris,
" affine,

" ^'ICtluoiiicum,

'• cunoatuiu,

" fulvum,

'' liispidulum,

Aspidium raollo,
Selagiuella Martensii,
" ilensa,

" Biaunii,

'' Kniut^siana,

" unrinata.

177

The Secretary annouiicccl the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. A. Andrews, Lancaster, Fairfleld Co., Ohio, Nov. 22; John CoUett,
Inlianaiiolis, Ind., Nov. 18; C. W. Jenks, Philadelphia, Penn., Nov. 23; John
Todd Moulton, Lynn, Nov. 2.5; G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Boone Co., Mo., Nov. 20;
Henry White, New Haven, Conn., Nov. 29; A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Nov. 2,5;
Berwick.shire, Naturalists' Field Club, Aug. 26; Bogota, La .Souldad de Naturalinta
Columbiano; Brooklyn, N. Y., Mercantile Library Association, Nov. 21; Danvers,
Peabody Institute, Dec. 2; Lund, Die Carolinische Universitate, Aug. 1; Wiirz-
burg. Die Physicalische Medicinische Ge.sellschaft, Aug. 28.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Agassiz Institute, of Sacramento, Cal. Constitution and By-laws of. 8vo
pamph, 1872.

Clogston", Wm., of Springfield, Mass. Oswego County Directory, 1866-7, 1 vol.
8vo. Utica City Directoiy, 1858-9, 1 vol. 12rao. Bangor Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol.
12mo. Brattleboro Directory, 1871-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Ontario County Directory, 1870,

1 vol. 12mo. Director}' of Cities and Villages on the line of the Boston & Albany
Railway, 18()9-70, 1 vol. Svo. Erie Busines.s Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 8vo. Directory
of Bingliamton, Elmira, Ithaca and Oswego, 18G4-5, 1 vol. 12nio. Janesville Direc-
tory, 1859-GO, 1 vol. 12mo. American Advertising Directory, 1831, 1 vol. 12mo.

Farmer, Moses G. Patent Office Reports, 22 vols. Svo. Department of Agricul-
ture, 4 vols. 8vo. Finance Report, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial Digest, 1 vol. 8vo.
Compendium of U. S. Census, 1850, 1 vol. Svo. Cyclopa;dia of Commerce, 1 vol.
8vo. The Practical Model. 7 nos. Journal of the Telegraph. 72 nos. Engineer-
ing. 32 nos. Journal of Chemistry. 24 nos. Salem Directories for 1851,1853, 1855,
ia57, 1&59, 18(U, 0 vols. 12mo; 1866, 1869, 2 vols. Svo. Congi-essional Globe 1855-6,

2 vols. 4to. Scientific American, 4 vols, folio. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 65. Sci-
entific American. 610 nos.

Greek, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 20.
Lee, John' C. Commercial Bulletin, Nov. 9, 16, 1872.

Middlesex Mechanics' Association, Lowell, Mass. By-laws etc., of the Li-
brary and Reading Room, Svo pamph. 1872.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Nov. 5, 12, 1872.

By Exchange.

Arciiiv der Axtiiropologie in BRAUXCirwEiG. Band v, Heft III, 1872. 4to
pamph.

BerwicivShire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings of, 1871-2, Svo pamph.

Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire.
Proceedings of. New Series Pt. 1, pp. 1-56, 1871-2. Svo pamph.

Kongliga Universitets Lund Swedkn. Lund Universitets Biblioteks Acces-
sions Katalog, 1869, 1870, 1871. 3 pamphlets r2mo. Acta Universitatis Lundensis,
1868, 1869, 1870. 7 pamphlets 4to.

Naturiustorischen Gesellschaft zv Hannover. Einundzwanzigater gah-
resbericht, 1870, 1871. Svo pamph.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 23

178

NATUUIIISTORISCHEX VkUEIX DER PREUSSISCllEN" RllEIXLANDE ITXD WESTPIIA-

LENS IN BoxN. Verhandlungen, xxviii, xxix. Yahvj?- 1871, 1S72. 2 i)amplilcts 8vo.

NATURWisSENSCHAFrLiCHEX Vereixe zu J3REMEX. AbhaiuUuuyen Band iii.
Heft II, 1872. 870 paniph.

Philosoi'iiical xsii Literary Society. Annual Report for 1871-2. Svo panipli.

Physikaeisch-medicixische Gesellsc'haft IX WuR/HURG. Veihaudlungen,
NeueFolge. Bd. iii. Heft 1, 2, 1872.

SocitTE D'ACCLIMATATION, Paris. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome ix, Xos. G, 7, 1872.
2 pamphlets, 8vo.

Vermoxt State Lihrary. Vermont Legislature Directory, 187-2-3, 1 vol. 12mo.
Montpelier, 1872.

PcREisiiERS. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist.
Christian NYorld. City Post. Gloucester Telegrapli. Haverhill Gazette. Histor-
ical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Beporter. Lynn
Ti'unscript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press.
Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Western Lancet.

The Superintendent of Museum reported the foUow-

From Farmer, Moses G. Portrait of Bishop Griswold.

Lamson, F. Paper-weight, formerly belonging to (Jharles Dickens, bought in
London by donor.
Marsh, Miss Mary. A Loom, used in the farmer's family in the last century.
Porter, Miss M. A. View of Northey's Block, built in 1872.
Stijipsox, James C. Relics from tlie Bjston Fire, November, 1872.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 23, 1872,

Meetinof this eveiilii2: iit 7 30 o'clock. The President
in tlie chair, llecorcls of preceding- iiieetiiig read.

The Secretary' aiiiioiiiiced the following correspon-
dence : —

From T. C. Amory, Boston, Dec. 10; Jacob Batclioldcr. Lynn, Doc. ."). IS; P. A.
Hunaford, New Haven, Dec. 12; Cliarles V. Hanson, Peabody, Deo. l.i; Alfred
O.-good, Newl)uryport, Dec. 1.'!; Proctor Bros., Gloucester, Dec; ISulValo lli.'-tor-
ical Soiiiety, Dec. It); Peabody Institute. Danvors, Dec. 11; New Jersey Historical
Society, Dec. 21.

179
The Librarian reported the foHowing additions : —

Ihj Donation.

Amouy, Thomas C. Our English Ancestors, 8vo pamph. A Home of the
Olilcn Time, 8vo pamph.

BOARDMAX, S. L., of Augusta, Me. Agriculture of Maiuc, 1871, 1 vol. 8vo.
AVater Power of Maine, 1 vol. 8vo, 1809. Report of the Commissioners on "Paper
Credits," 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

C'HAr.MAN, G. U. Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions for 1872. 8vo pamph. Sermon by Dr. Bartlett at the Annual
Meeting in Xew Haven, Ct., Oct. 1, 187-2. 8vo pamph.

Gkeex, S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, .5.

Hammond, J. Memoirs of Russia from 1727 to 1744. 1 vol. 4to. London, 1773.

T^Ki:, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Dec. 7, 1872.

Peiuso.v, Geo. II. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and
Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted IMasons of Mass., Mch. 8-Dec. 27, 1871.
1 vol. 8vo.

Stone, Joseph W. Salem Directories for 1842, 18.00, 1853, 3 vols. 12mo.

U. S. Patent Ofiice, Wa.=hington, D. C. Official Gazette, Nov. 20, Dec. 3, 1872.

White, Capt. A. H., of Boston, The White and Haskell Family, compiled by
P. Derby, 1 vol. 8vo. 1872.

By Exchange.

Somersetshire Arch^ological and Natural History Societt of Taun-
ton, Proceedings of, for 1871. 12mo pamph.

Publishers. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegi-aph. Hardwicke's Sci.
ence Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Sui-gical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press.

The President read a communication from Eev. P. A.
Ilanaford of New Haven containing a memoir of jNliss
Qiiincr of Beverly. Referred to the committee on publi-
cations.

The President read a communication from Nehemiah
Cleavcland, Esq., containing a sketch of the life of his
grandfather, Rev. John Cleaveland, of that part of Ips-
wich known as Chebacco, now the town of Essex, with
the letters and journals copied and condensed of the
campaign of 1758, having received the appointment of
chaplain to one of the regiments from Gov. Pownall.
Referred to the publication committee.

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